The Maguindanao Massacre free essay sample

This study aimed to answer the following questions. What is the present situation of the peace and order in the Philippines particularly in Maguindanao? What are the actions made by the government to the following: Persons affected by the massacre To the place itself (Maguindanao) What are the effects of Maguindanao Massacre to the tourism industry? The researchers used a descriptive method as the study refers to the data analysis that will be applied to it and they’ve gathered data that describe events, tabulate describes the data collection. Since qualitative approach was used the researchers gathered more information using the help of internet, television radio news reports and some reliable news papers. They’ve selected a certain group of officials that are involved to the incident and gave them survey questions which were discussed and tabulated to get a uniform set of results in order to get all needed and useful information about the study. The survey was conducted with a minimum of 100 people from DOT, PNP, AFP Hotels in Manila and some selected airlines in the Philippines. Each of them was given 20 survey questionnaires in order to have a determined and broad perspective on the development of the study. CONCLUSION 1. On the study regarding Maguindano massacre, the present situation of the peace and order in Maguindanao is that the people and the place itself still needs additional assistance. 2. The result on the study made by the researchers on what are the actions made by the government to the persons affected and to the place itself, Maguindanao, is the declaration of martial law but then people were not satisfied by the actions made by the government. People believe that the rules should be revise to prevent such incident. 3. The effects of Maguindanao massacre to the Tourism Industry are the cancellations of bookings in Airline and Hotels, the travel advisory not to visit the Philippines. One of the biggest impacts is the decrease in foreign investment. Some foreigners don’t want to make up their business here in the Philippines because they think that they will only get losses. Since our country was also declared as second most dangerous countries for journalists. RECOMMENDATION: To the government: The government should not be biased and should give the appropriate punishment for the responsible for the massacre. The law should be enforced and should be strengthened. They should give more protection to the media men and journalists like giving them escort especially to the most dangerous places scene. To prevent such crime, the law especially in Maguindanao should be revised and they must add military support to maintain peace and order. To the people of Maguindanao: To the people of Maguindanao especially to the family of the victims, now that such incident occurred, they should open their minds and not be blinded by powerful politicians that do not deserve to be elected. The people should work hand in hand to improve the peace and order in their place and for the state of calamity to be lifted. In that way, they can encourage other people especially the tourists, to visit their place again and to give back the pride and beauty that Maguindanao used to have. To the next researcher: Study the topic to be able to give clear answer. The researchers focused on the Maguindanao massacre history and its effect to the tourism industry. They therefore recommend the next researchers to study the justice that should be given to the victims and their families as well as improving the Philippines reputation on being declared as the second most dangerous country. The next researchers can also investigate through their surveys if they think that Ampatuan is really guilty for the said crime. They can focus on the appropriate punishment that should be given to the people who are responsible as well. Key informant will also help the study to have more information by interviewing the officials and residents that are related to the Maguindanao massacre. TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedicationi Acknowledgementii Abstractiii Table of Contentsvi List of Table and Graphviii Chapter – I Introduction1 Statement of the Problem1 Conceptual Framework2 Significance of the Study3 Scope and Delimitation4 Definition of Terms4 Chapter II – Review of Related Literature The Maguindanao History and its Government 5 The Maguindanao Massacre8 Effect of Maguindanao Massacre to the Tourism Industry18 Chapter III – Methodology Research Design19 Research Method19 Respondents of the Study20 Research Process21 Chapter IV – Presentation of Data and Analysis Respondents Profile23 Graph, Table and Analysis of the Survey Questions 26 Result37 Chapter V – Summary of Findings, Conclusion and Recommendation Summary38 Conclusion39 Recommendation40 Bibliography42 Appendix A45 Appendix B46 Appendix C47 The Respondents Profile Graph and Table No. 1 Age Graph and Table No. 2 Gender Graph and Table No. 3 Occupation Table and Graph from question 1 10 Graph and Table no. 1 The present situation of the peace and order in Maguindanao Graph and Table no. 2 Number of people who heard about the Maguindanao massacre Graph and Table no. 3 People feel about the Maguindanao massacre Graph and Table no. 4 The roles of the government to maintain peace and order in Maguindanao Graph and Table no. 5 Actions made by the government in order to attain peace and order in Maguindanao Graph and Table no. 6 The satisfaction of people to the actions taken by the government Graph and Table no. 7 Possible actions should be done if the answer is no Graph and Table no. 8 The citizens felt about the Maguindanao massacre Graph and Table no. 9 Number of people who answered if they were affected by Maguindanao massacre Graph and Table no. 10 Effects of the Maguindanao massacre in the Tourism Industry CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING Introduction Peace and order is one of the indispensable components that must be in place to boost Domestic and International Tourism, without it there can no be successful Tourism Industry. While Maguindanao province is part of Mindanao which is part of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao or (ARMM), and located far away from Luzon and Visayas it does affect the Tourism Industry as a result of the massacre of more than 60 civilian including 30 journalist or media men there by getting worldwide attention particularly the International Media Institution. This incident as well as the subsequent imposition of Martial Law in the Maguindanao province create a very negative image of violence and absence of peace and order in Mindanao unparticular and the rest of the country as a whole that said, potential Foreign Tourist that would like to visit the Philippines is discourage much more loss interest or enthusiasm to visit our country. Statement of the Problem: This study aimed to answer the following questions. What is the present situation of the peace and order in the Philippines particularly in Maguindanao? What are the actions made by the government to the following: Persons affected by the massacre To the place itself (Maguindanao) What are the effects of Maguindanao Massacre to the tourism industry? Conceptual Framework Tourism industry players in the Philippines are now working double time to control the damage done on the image of out country by the gruesome massacre in Maguindanao. The massacre, which killed 57 people, including journalists and unarmed women, took place in the town of Ampatuan last November 23, 2009 and has taken center stage on both local and international news in and out of the country. Effects of the massacre on the tourism industry have reportedly been immediately felt. There have been cancellations made on both hotel bookings and flights to the country. If we will not handle the situation properly, it might snowball negatively into something bigger. There is a need for a concerted effort to clear the image of the Philippines, especially in Southern Mindanao; we must divert the attention of our tourists and investors to the more positive side and issues of our country and not from what has occurred in Maguindanao. Significance of the Study We are all aware of the mass execution happened in Maguindanao. This study will help us to know the present situation of the peace and order in Maguindanao. Also the impact o us to investigate and be alert of what’s happening in the following cases: One, the creation of a commission outside the government to investigate the crime; Two, the arrest and prosecution of all the people involved in it in any way, as murderers themselves or their protectors; Three, the formation of a special court to try the case; Four, fully guaranteed protection for the witnesses; Five, the disarming and dismantling of all private armies, such as those evidently employed in the massacre. Six, the enlistment of persons of unquestioned probity in the whole process; And finally, the resignation of the government if it fails to deliver such basic satisfaction – indeed, the very same government that has encouraged, by partisanship and conspiracy, the culture of impunity of which the massacre has been the most abominable manifestation. Scope and Delimitation The Maguindanao mass killing that includes 57 people has become the worst case of media and political cruelty in the world history. It is just because the government tolerates the armed groups for a long time. Regarding to the tolerated loose firearms resulting to mass killings, full implementation of the law, is most for a good government. With the full implementation of the law, abusive in power can do nothing. It has been easy for us to gather information about the mass killing since the incident was recent. Internet, newspaper and news on television had helped us to complete our study which is the Maguindanao Massacre also known as the Ampatuan Massacre. The Ampatuan Massacre had happen November 2009. Definition of Terms The following words are defined for a better understanding in the study: Peace the acknowledgment of equality and fairness in political relationships and, in world matters,  peacetime; a state of being absent of any  war  or conflict. Peace and order – its objective was to end and settle the armed conflict, it provides the establishment of autonomy for Muslims in Mindanao within the realm of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Philippines. Tourism industry those sectors which enable the tourist to travel to and from the destination or the he human component of tourism. Political power is a type of  power  held by a  group  in a  society  which allows administration of some or all of public resources, including labor, and wealth. Political dynasty This hits both administration and opposition officials who ignore the democratic value of equal access to opportunities for public service at the national and local level. The Maguindanao History and its Government Maguindanao is a province of the Philippines located in the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM). Its capital is Shariff Aguak. It borders Lanao del Sur to the north, Cotabato to the east, and Sultan Kudarat to the south. A. 1 Geography of Maguindanao Maguindanao is composed of 36 municipalities, which are further subdivided into 492 barangays. Cotabato City is often grouped with Maguindanao, but it actually independent from the province. The p rovince is divided into two congressional districts. In October 2006, the first congressional district was split off into a new province, Shariff Kabunsuan. However, the ARMMs Act creating the province was nullified by the Supreme Court in July 2008, on the basis that creation of a province is a function of the Philippine legislature. The area has since reverted to the province of Maguindanao. A. 2 Government of Maguindano Maguindanao is divided into two congressional districts, which elect members to the House of Representatives. For the brief period that the province of Shariff Kabunsuan existed, Maguindanao became a lone-district province. Since the appointment of a new set of provincial officials for the reunified province of Maguindanao by the ARMM Governor in January 2009, the provincial government has reverted to the Sangguniang Panlalawigan setup (coterminous with the restored 1st and 2nd Congressional districts of Maguindanao) from before Shariff Kabunsuan was created. Having elected to join the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM), Maguindanao also sends six representatives (three per district) to the ARMM Regional Legislative Assembly that convenes in Cotabato City. A. History of Maguindanao Shariff Mohammed Kabungsuwan of Johore introduced Islam in the area at the end of the 15th century. He subsequently married a local princess from the Iranun Tribe of Malabang and Maguindanao Province, and established the Sultanate of Maguindanao. The Cotabato Valley formed the sultanates heartland but its influence extended from the Zamboanga Peninsula to Sarangani Bay and Davao. The Spaniards launched expeditions to subdue the area throughout the colonial era but they never gained control of the region until the middle of the 19th century. During the American period, Cotabato became a district of the Moro Province created in 1903 and a province of the Department of Mindanao and Sulu in 1914. In 1942, the Japanese Imperial forces entered what is now Maguindanao. In 1945, Maguindanao was liberated by allied Philippine Commonwealth troops and Maguindanaoan guerrilla units after defeating the Japanese Imperial forces in the Battle of Maguindanao during the Second World War. The old province of Cotabato was divided in 1966 into Cotabato and South Cotabato. In 1973, the successor province of Cotabato was split into the provinces of Maguindanao, (North) Cotabato and Sultan Kudarat. Maguindanao is the only Muslim-majority province of the four created out of the original Cotabato Province. In 1989, majority of its voters opted to join the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao but Cotabato City did not, which, ironically, has since served as the provisional capital of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM). On October 31, 2006, Maguindanao voters approved the creation of a new province to be composed of 10 towns from the province. Of more than 500,000 voters registered, 285,372 favored the creation of the province, and 8,802 voted against it. The new province, Shariff Kabunsuan, became the countrys 80th province and the 6th in the ARMM. It was composed of the towns of Datu Odin Sinsuat, Kabuntalan, Upi, Sultan Kudarat, Datu Blah T. Sinsuat, Sultan Mastura, Parang, Buldon, Matanog and Barira. However, in July 2008, the Supreme Court nullified the provinces creation, restoring its municipalities to Maguindanao. A. 4 2009 Election Violence in Maguindanao On November 23, 2009, a 2010 gubernatorial election caravan supporting Esmael Mangudadatu, vice mayor of Buluan, was attacked. Fifty-seven people were killed, including Mangudadatus wife and sisters, supporters, local journalists, and bystanders. On December 4, 2009 a number of homes belonging to the Ampatuan political family were raided in connection with the massacre. President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo officially declared martial law in the province of Maguindanao on December 5, 2009, Saturday morning. In a press conference past 7 am, Executive Secretary Eduardo Ermita announced Proclamation No. 1959 declaring a state of martial law and suspending the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus in the province of Maguindanao, except for certain areas identified as bailiwicks of the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) separatists. The declaration of martial law will lead to the arrests without warrants of other members of the Ampatuan family who have been linked to the November 23 massacre of 58 civilians. The Maguindanao Massacre The Maguindanao massacre, also known as the Ampatuan massacre (after the town where the mass graves were found), occurred on the morning of November 23, 2009, in the town of Ampatuan in Maguindanao province, on the island of Mindanao in the Philippines. The victims were about to file a certificate of candidacy for Esmael Mangudadatu, vice mayor of Buluan town. Mangudadatu was challenging Datu Unsay mayor Andal Ampatuan, Jr. , son of the incumbent Maguindanao governor Andal Ampatuan, Sr. , in the forthcoming Maguindanao gubernatorial election, part of the national elections in 2010. The 57 people killed included Mangudadatus wife, his two sisters, lawyers, aides, and motorists who were witnesses or were mistakenly identified as part of the convoy. The Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) has called the Maguindanao massacre the single deadliest event for journalists in history. At least 34 journalists are known to have died in the massacre. In a statement, CPJ executive director Joel Simon noted that the killings, appears to be single deadliest event for the press since 1992, when CPJ began keeping detailed records on journalist deaths. The CPJ further noted that, â€Å"Even as we tally the dead in this horrific massacre, our initial research indicates that this is the deadliest single attack on the press ever documented by CPJ. † Even before the Maguindanao massacre, the CPJ had labeled the Philippines the second most dangerous country for journalists, second only to Iraq. B. 1 Background of Maguindanao Massacre The Ampatuans had been in control of Magu indanao since 2001. Andal Ampatuan, Sr. came first into prominence when President Corazon Aquino appointed him as officer-in-charge of Maganoy (now Shariff Aguak) in 1986 right after the People Power Revolution. Aquino, having come into power via revolutionary means, replaced every locally-elected official with officers-in-charge, although the town of Maganoy was approached differently; the ageing mayor, Pinagayaw Ampatuan, was replaced by his vice mayor, Andal Sr. He won the 1988 local elections, then served for ten years. In the 1998 elections, Andal Sr. was elected as governor. Members of Lakas-Kampi-CMD, President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo lists Andal Sr. , as a major ally in Mindanao. Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) regional governor Zaldy Ampatuan was the partys regional chairman. Andal Sr. the family patriarch, has been provincial governor since 1998; he has been elected thrice, unopposed. Eighteen of the mayors in Maguindanao belong to the clan. The elder Ampatuan attributed his popularity to popular support, adding Because I am so loved by the constituencies of the municipalities, they ask me to have my sons as representatives. In the 2004 presidential elections, Arroyo w on 69% of Maguindanaos vote; three years later, the party-backed coalition scored a 12-0 sweep of the senatorial elections in the province. Unable to run for a third term, he is currently grooming his son, Andal, Jr. to succeed him as governor. With escalating tensions in the province, Arroyo, as head of the Lakas-Kampi-CMD, mediated between the Ampatuans and the Mangudadatus (both are from the same party) to prevent election-related violence. Three meetings were held in mid-2009, with one meeting hosted by then Secretary of National Defense and current party chairman Gilberto Teodoro, who is running to succeed Arroyo as president. Arroyos adviser for political affairs Gabriel Claudio, disclosed that there was an initial agreement in principle that no Mangudadatu would contest Ampatuan Sr. s gubernatorial post. Two days before the incident, the mass grave was prepared using a backhoe emblazoned with the name of Maguindanao Gov. Andal Ampatuan Sr. , and apparently owned by the Ampatuan family. B. 2 Maguindanao Massacre Attack Buluan Vice Mayor Esmael Toto Mangudadatu invited 37 journalists to cover the scheduled filing of his certificate of candidacy (COC) at the Commission on Elections provincial office in Shariff Aguak. He said reports had reached him that his rivals had threatened to chop him into pieces once he filed his COC, and felt the presence of journalists would deter such an attack. A local report stated that at about 9:00 AM, a convoy of six vehicles carrying journalists, lawyers, and relatives of Vice Mayor Mangudadatu left Buluan to file his COC at the Comelec office in Shariff Aguak. The convoy is composed of six vehicles: four Toyota Grandia vans (one grey, one green, and two white) owned by the Mangudadatu family; and two media vehicles – a Pajero owned by DZRH broadcast journalist Henry Araneta and a Mitsubishi L-300 van owned by UNTV. There is a seventh vehicle, a Grandia boarded by mediamen. But it lags behind and decides to turn around once the passengers sense what is happening. There are two other vehicles that are not part of the convoy but happen to be traveling on the same highway: a red Toyota Vios and a light blue Toyota Tamaraw FX. The Vios has five passengers: Eduardo Lechonsito, a government employee who is bound for a hospital in Cotabato City after suffering a mild stroke Monday morning. He is with his wife Cecille, co-workers Mercy Palabrica and Daryll delos Reyes, and driver Wilhelm Palabrica. The FX is driven by Anthony Ridao, employee of the National Statistics Coordination Board, and son of Cotabato City councilor Marino Ridao. Before reaching its destination (about 10 km from Shariff Aguak, four on other versions), the convoy was stopped by 100 armed men, who abducted and later killed most or all of its members. There is evidence that at least five of the female victims, four of them journalists, were raped before being killed, while practically all of the women had been shot in their genitals and beheaded. Mangudadatus youngest sister and aunt were both pregnant at the time of their murders. In a text message sent by Mangudadatus wife to him, she identified the people that blocked their way as the men of Ampatuan Jr, and that he himself slapped her. The female victims were shot in their genitals, according to Secretary of Justice Agnes Devanadera. According to Mangudadatu, his wifes private parts were slashed four times, after which they fired a bullet into it. In addition, he said that They speared both of her eyes, shot both her breasts, cut off her feet, fired into her mouth. A backhoe located in the immediate vicinity of the carnage at Ampatuan town was identified as the instrument that was used to expediently dig the graves of the victims, including the vehicles. The perpetrators werent able to complete the job when a helicopter was spotted in the area. The backhoe, emblazoned with the name of Maguindanao Gov. Andal Ampatuan Sr. , was later identified to belong to the Maguindanao provincial government. As of November 25, the death toll had risen to 57, as confirmed by Chief Superintendent Josefino Cataluna of the Philippine National Police. Reporters Without Borders announced that at least 12 of the victims were journalists, making this the deadliest such incident in the history of news media. The National Union of Journalists in the Philippines originally estimated that a total of 20 journalists were killed, including an undisclosed number of NUJP members. The Philippine Daily Inquirer later updated the number of journalists killed to 34. On November 24, Philippine president Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo responded to the news of the massacre by declaring a state of emergency in Maguindanao, Sultan Kudarat and Cotabato City. Speaker of the House Prospero Nograles called on the police to quickly identify the perpetrators of the massacre and disarm private armies. The Philippine Department of Justice created a panel of special prosecutors to handle cases arising from the massacre. B. 3 Aftermath of Maguindanao Massacre In the aftermath, Nueva Ecija Rep. Eduardo Nonato N. Joson said the massacre might affect, or even lead to the cancellation of, the scheduled 2010 presidential elections. Candidates in the election condemned the massacre. On Wednesday, November 25, 2009, the executive committee of the Lakas-Kampi-CMD political party unanimously voted to expel three members of the Ampatuan family Maguindanao Gov. Andal Ampatuan Sr. and his two sons, Gov. Zaldy Uy Ampatuan of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) and Mayor Andal Ampatuan Jr. from the party for their alleged role in the Maguindanao massacre. An emergency meeting of the Lakas-Kampi-CMD was held in Pasig, during which the Ampatuans were stripped of their membership. On Thursday, November 26, 2009, Ampatuan Jr. surrendered to his brother Zaldy, was delivered to adviser to the peace process Jesus Dureza, then was flown to General Santos on his way to Manila, where he was taken to the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) headquarters. Police in the Philippines charged Andal Ampatuan Jr. with murder. Ampatuan denied the charges, claiming that he was at the provincial capitol in Shariff Aguak when the massacre took place. He instead blamed the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF), specifically Ombra Kato, as the mastermind, a charge the MILF dismissed as absurd. Mangudadatu successfully filed his certificate of candidacy at Shariff Aguak on November 27. He was accompanied by Lakas-Kampi-CMD chairman and presidential candidate Gilberto Teodoro, along with a caravan of 50 vehicles, to ensure his safety. On December 4, 2009 a number of homes belonging to the Ampatuan political family were raided in connection with the massacre. List of Victims in Maguindanao Mangudadatus NameDescription Genalyn Tiamson-MangudadatuWife of Esmael Mangudadatu Eden MangudadatuMunicipal Vice Mayor of Mangudadatu, Maguindanao, sister of Esmael Mangudadatu. Rowena MangudadatuCousin of Esmael Mangudadatu Manguba MangudadatuAunt of Esmael Mangudadatu Faridah Sabdulah Farida MangudadatuYoungest sister of Esmael Mangudadatu Farina MangudadatuAnother sister of Esmael Mangudadatu Concepcion â€Å"Connie† Brizuela, 56Lawyer Cynthia Oquendo, 36Lawyer Catalino OquendoCynthia Oquendos Father Rasul DaudDriver of Sultan Kudarat Rep. Pax Mangudadatu Journalists Thirty-four journalists are known to have been abducted and killed in the massacre, according to the Philippine Daily Inquirer. Only 25 have been positively identified so far. NameDescription Alejandro Bong Reblando, 53Manila Bulletin correspondent, a former Associated Press reporter Henry AranetaDZRH Correspondent based in General Santos City Napoleon â€Å"Nap† SalaysayDZRO manager Bartolome â€Å"Bart† MaravillaBombo Radyo Koronadal, South Cotabato Jhoy DojayGoldstar Daily Andy TeodoroMindanao Examiner Central Mindanao Inquirer reporter Ian SubangMindanao Focus, a General Santos-based weekly community newspaper Leah DalmacioMindanao Focus reporter Gina Dela CruzMindanao Focus reporter Maritess CablitasMindanao Focus reporter Neneng Montano Saksi weekly newspaper reporter Victor Nunez UNTV reporter McDelbert Macmac Arriola UNTV cameraman Jolito Evardo UNTV editor Daniel Tiamson UNTV driver Humberto Mumay Koronadal -based journalist Rey Merisco Koronadalbased -journalist Ronnie Perante Koronadalbased- journalist Jun Legarta Koronadalbased -journalist Val Cachuela Koronadal-based journalist Santos Jun Gatchalian Davao-based journalist Joel Parcon Freelance journalist Noel Decena Freelance journalist John Caniba Freelance journalist Art Betia Freelance journalist Ranie Razon Freelance journalist Archie Cancel Freelance journalist Fernanado Ferdz Mendoza Freelance driver Red Toyota Vios Number of casualties: 5. They were supposedly mistaken as part of the convoy. NameDescription Eduardo Lechonsito Tacurong City, Sultan Kudarat government employee Cecille Lechonsito Wife of Eduardo Lechonsito Mercy Palabrica Co-worker of Eduardo Lechonsito Daryll delos Reyes Co-worker of Eduardo Lechonsito Wilhelm Palabrica Driver B. 4 Declaration of Martial Law in Maguindanao President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo has declared martial law in Maguindanao, a senior Malacanang official announced Saturday. Press Secretary Cerge Remonde said the President took the bold step in answer to the cries of the more than 50 victims of the massacre in Maguindanao last November 23. The Ampatuans, a powerful clan in the province, have been tagged as suspects in the killings and the crackdown on members of the family began with the arrest of Datu Unsay Mayor Andal Ampatuan Jr. , days after what has been considered as the worst election-related violence in the country. Condition of peace and order in Maguindanao has deteriorated to the extent that government mechanisms are not functioning thus endangering public safety . . Ermita said, reading from the proclamation. He said Malacanang would officially inform Congress about the proclamation, which Congress has 48 hours to act on. Also present was Armed Forces of the Philippines Chief Victor Ibrado who said that Governor Zaldy Ampatuan of the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao would give himself up to authorities there. He also said that they recom mended the declaration of martial law following a meeting of top security officials late Friday. Earlier on Saturday, Maguindanao Governor Andal Ampatuan Sr. was arrested by the military. Ermita said the decision to declare martial law was reached at about 9 pm Friday. On Friday, authorities uncovered a cache of firearms near the house of the Ampatuan clan, the suspects in the massacre. Arroyo named Lieutenant General Raymundo Ferrer to take administrative control of Maguindanao province, according to Philippine Daily Inquirer sources. Interior and Local Government Secretary Ronaldo Puno confirmed placing Maguindanao under martial law was discussed in a National Security meeting Friday afternoon but said he was not aware if any action had been done to implement it â€Å"because I’m no longer there! â€Å"But there was no decision made,† Puno said in a telephone interview Friday night. â€Å"Ask Bert Gonzales,† Puno said, referring the Inquirer to Defense Secretary Norberto Gonzales on whether Maguindanao had been already placed under military rule. The military Friday expressed surprise at how powerful weapons and thousands of bullets supposed to be kept in the government armory ended up virtually in the backyard of the Ampatuan clan. Wearing bulletproof vests, soldiers and police the other day dug up antitank weapons, assault rifles and machine guns from a vacant lot a few hundred meters from one of the houses of the Ampatuan family – a known political ally of President. Effect of Maguindanao Massacre to the Tourism Industry The Maguindanao massacre has a big effect to tourism industry. Since the Philippines was declared as the second most dangerous place for journalist. Though it only mention about the journalist, still it affects the whole industry. Some of the effects of the incident were on the following, losses expected to hit the other sectors, the Davao City Chamber of Commerce and Industry Inc. (DCCCII). Airlines drop in booking of flights going into the city and nearby provinces; although the figures were still unavailable from the other businesses in the city. Hotels lost 200 room nights since the news broke out. The full effect of the recession in the United States this year will likely be felt in Davao City in 2009, the chief of the Davao City Investment and Promotion Center (DCIPC) revealed, adding that the export sector will be more affected by it. The private investment, the incident would also cause the suspension of new investments in public infrastructure and adversely affect the tourism industry. The scheduled 2010 presidential election to take place was also affected. Even the peace and order is affected. President GMA yesterday approved the recommendation of the cabinet cluster of the National Security Council to retain the state of emergency in Maguindanao, Sultan Kudarat Cotobato City. Press Secretary Cerge M. Remonde said that the local government units in Maguindanao, Sultan Kudarat Cotobato City still need the assistance of the military in maintaining peace and order in the area, He also said that authorities considered the armed threat groups that still linger in strategic places in the region in keeping the state of emergency. Research Design The researchers used the descriptive type of method because it refers to the type of research question, design, and data analysis that will be applied to the study. The rese archers gathered data that describe events, tabulate and describes the data collection. Quantitative approach was used as the research design of the study because it involved collections of quantitative information such as surveys which was given to a certain group of people who are assigned to the incident and their answers were counted in a numerical form. The series of meetings were able to provide the researchers sufficient time to come up with inputs needed for the said study. They were able to coordinate each other’s ideas and information that they were able to gather from their different sources. Research Method The researchers gathered their data from the internet, television news report and reliable newspapers to further establish the present state of certain events. The survey method was used to obtain the needed information for this study which was distributed to those officials that are assigned for the said crime in Maguindanao that greatly affected the tourism industry in the Philippines. Thus, the formula below was used for this study: Where: P = percentage F = frequency N = total number of respondents C. Respondents of the Study The respondents of the study were the officials from The Department of Tourism (DOT), Philippine National Police (PNP), Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP), selected Hotel in Manila and some selected Airlines in the Philippines. The researchers limit the respondents into 100 participants. Each group was given 20 survey questionnaires and all needed and useful information were discussed in order to have a determined and broad perspective on the development of the study. D. The Research Process StepsActions DoneDate First SegmentPreliminary Investigation Step 1Choosing a TopicNovember 25, 2009 Step 2Generating QuestionsDecember 2, 2009 Step 3Data GatheringDecember 14, 2009 Second SegmentData Gathering Step 1Preparing the Sources of InformationJanuary 6, 2010 Step 2Reading Articles and Watching news reports as well as radio reportsJanuary 11, 2010 Step 3Gathering all the prepared dataJanuary 15, 2010 Third SegmentData Review Step 1Data ClusteringJanuary 18, 2010 Step 2Data InvestigationJanuary 24, 2010 Step 3Data AnalysisJanuary 27, 2010 First Segment On the first part of the research process, the researchers agreed to create a topic that is greatly affecting the Philippine tourism as of today. After the topic was created, the researchers facilitated the questions needed to further discuss the scope and delimitation of the study. The materials and sources of information were then organized to solidify the data that will be gathered. Second segment On the second part of the research process, the researchers gathered their data from the television news reports, radio reports, articles from reliable news papers and the internet. Several reports have been made for the topic and the researchers were able to summarize all the needed information that is essential for the study.

Literature Review of Orangutan Foundation

Question: Volunteer tourism represents an emerging tourism sector for those who want to make a difference while on vacation as well as ensuring that local communities benefit both environmentally and economically (Coren Gray, 2012). Organisations such as World Wildlife Fund, Antipodeans, Conservation International, Australian Volunteers, to name just a few, are offering volunteer tourism expeditions to Australians. The literature review identifies four motivational themes of cultural immersion, seeking camaraderie, giving back, and bonding opportunities among the segments of volunteer tourists (McGehee Clemmons, 2008). The Orangutan Foundation in Central Kalimantan in Indonesian Borneo runs tours where volunteers can assist with constructing buildings and fences to secure the wild orang-utans. The mission statement for the organisation informs us that the Orangutan Foundation goes beyond that of purely protecting the orangutan. Critically it also includes a recognition that orangutan habitat is unique in its richness of biodiversity and crucial for local communities, who are as dependant on the forest as is the orang-utan (Orangutan Foundation 2014, p. 1). Your task is to promote its conservation strategy to Australian volunteer tourists. You are required to conduct a literature review on it. Answer: Executive Summery A person whose excitement and the generous wish over making advantages and who particularly moves to a range to execute non-reflex work without reward for whatever cause that is commonly joined with hardship, ecological, examination or open reasons and meanwhile hunt down to experience the standard parts of travel is all around known as an offer vacationer (Wearing, 2001). These typology of visitors are visitors who offer in a sorted out methodology to execute ventures that may consolidate supporting or treating the substance hardship of a couple of characterizations of the gathering, the recovery of particular surroundings, or examination concerning variables of gathering or air. This appearance of travel and diversion can similarly be connected with choice, open and honest to goodness travel and unwinding that offers basics to return and knowing and grants a productive relationship among tenants and visitors (Newsome, 2002). It can moreover be identified with examination travel and unwinding (Benson, 2011). (Wearing, 2001), in like manner accomplices "volunteer tourism" to participatory travel and amusement, experience travel and unwinding, general helping, and eco-tourism. It is henceforth a mixture of supporting inside travel and unwinding. (Reed, 2009), however is of the viewpoint that elucidations of "volunteer tourism" are so restricted they don't delineate the wide characteristics of this example. In this way it is ensured to give that this sort of affiliations framework works as a learning contraption, grows and helps self-change of the offer encounter that transforms into an unending system which develops for the veritable vacationer visit. This article will separate, through additional examination, the prospect that "volunteer tourism" helps intercultural trades that backer hardship and sponsorships travel and amusement as neo-dominion. It will clamp all the possible profitable effect and benefits and also all possible unfavourable effects that this industry provides for the of fer visitors, the blended sack country and its kinfolk. These effects will be assembles from educational investigation, their thoughts and from veritable systems as educated manage by the parts. It would then be possible to overview the certified characteristics of "volunteer tourism" and really centre and assert its genuine capability (Lee, 2010). Introduction (McGehee, 2005), depicted that voluntourism examination is genuinely new and as being what is demonstrated multifaceted encounters concerning voluntourists has still to be destitute down further. (Master, 2000), acknowledge that lifestyle has two associated crucial principles. The essential is Ideological that is noteworthy to measures, measures, guidelines and traditions. The second is Material, this is essential to support and behaviour (Birrell, 2010). These social mixtures would certainly affect both local people and the offer. In the maker's point of view transient offer visitors would have accumulated more blend lifestyle information than the occupants, however long term aiding would affect nearby individuals' idea of social mixed bags. It is hence the level of relationship, for instance, an offer vacationer, the length of stay; the wording interface and the yearning to analyse are key segments that effect the characteristics of socially various return (Wall, 2006). (Lamoureux, 2009), affirms that "volunteer tourism" is a substitute kind of travel and unwinding that relies on in a general sense on cross-portion investment and which consolidates a great deal of gamers, for instance, the federal, private industry and city bunch. He proceed to elucidate that there are two relationship of Volunteer Handling Organizations to be particular, Volunteer Delivering Organizations and Volunteer Getting Organizations. He states that these affiliations must execute together to perform an effective "volunteer tourism" experience. (Lamoureux, 2009), legitimately underscores the need of investment amidst gamers and that a complete inspiration driving the coordinated effort may not be benefit, yet rather the achievement of some social or organic extraordinary. An invigorating study performed by (Alexander, 2011), found that the interpretation that appeared as a delineation of voluntourism may be 'engagement in offer execute as a guest', requesting the articulatio n as speculation, vacationer and offer execute. Seven premium considerations where depicted are: duty, activity, joining, transmission, affiliations, speculation and engagement. In the maker's point of view these considerations are similar to the same effects of an average guest's experience, in any case, the volunteers have a more conspicuous effect as they are more enthralled and joined with the common inhabitants as they execute their execute, and in like manner experience differing return through the volunteer's execute commitments (McIntosh, 2007). Most of the seven collaboration musings are a kind of activity to help other individuals short of stores especially in examples of hardship. By strategy for these help encounters, the volunteers may have assembled the information and better knowing of general issues, for instance, natural rot and hardship from straight getting less prosperous individuals. The second classification as portrayed by (Alexander, 2011), offer perform, has provoked five contemplations, choice, mixture of perform, trade, time period and particular reasons. These points all rely on upon the offer, the sort of meander and the kind of association. There are various sorts of errands available that are dealt with by a grouping of suppliers or passing on relationship around the globe (Raymond, 2008), for instance, the EU, Non-profit Organizations, NGOs, Colleges case in point Western Non-reflex Alternatives, Worldwide Learners Volunteers, Cross-Cultural Alternatives, Worldwide Volunteer Programs Organization, etc. According to (Lyons, 2008), NGOs are the better choice to various other master affiliations paying little mind to that they furthermore have some non-portions in their organization concerning deliberate limits. As a result of tremendous deforestation, examination and backwoods shoots, nature of the range's orang-utans is blasting and under persevering risk. As an impact, the blended packs is rapidly defenceless. The Matang Wild Life Centre is a refuge for orang-utans which have been staying harmed, stranded or have been saved, generally as due to these dangers. The centre works perseveringly to backwards this sample in diverse ways, and is by and large rich by the collaboration of volunteers. Orang-utan volunteers on this meander admire the astounding wild environment of "Kubah Nation Park" as their own enclosure, and execute as a component of a social occasion notwithstanding the adjacent companies to help the centre through redesigning cultivating necessities, offering change for the orang-utans and supporting with headway wanders around the point of convergence. This allows the Sarawak Forestry Organization (who handle the centre which is controlled by the Sarawak government) to focus on recovery of the orang-utans and the point of convergence's diverse creatures, and thusly further their protection. Sharing in this orang-utan offer meander grants volunteers to no ifs ands or buts get included in the exercises of this dazzling Matang Wild Life Centre and it is a surprising collaboration, aiding to enhance the lifestyles of the orang-utans and perform towards their inevitable security Literature Review According to (Palacios, 2010), educational investigation and editorialists have found some "volunteer tourism" circumstances where encounters don't seem to push critical bits of learning about hardship, where worldwide premiums are sorted out over commonplace ones and where passing on associations and offer visitors likewise typically get a more noteworthy number of central focuses than the publicized. (Palacios, 2010), was making reference to this issue when in the 2000s there was gathering question on the issue. (C.M., 2012), claims that the inquiry regarding who gets more would be irrelevant if "volunteer tourism" was not to give compelling encourage however rather to plug ordinary considering and intercultural knowing. Palacios conflicts the way that volunteers have taken in the knowing overall hardship and gathering capability. Notwithstanding the way that this is by no means ruinous, it can worthwhile motivation to more feasible and communitarian choices later on. On this same trade, Palacios guarantees voluntourism as commonness when the focus of aid is concentrated in examining framework and not concentrated around neo-expansionism influence on impeccable nations. He moreover comments that diverse tasks that are known as organization looking at, gathering return or academic travel and entertainment have not been identified with expansionism as "volunteer tourism" has. A couple of analysts and journalists have revealed on different "volunteer tourism" circumstances that don't seem to motivate earnest encounters about hardship (Simpson, 2004), and the offer premiums where overall premiums and inclination are higher than neighbourhood ones. Most research however have been centred on the volunteers and their contribution with moderate speculation given to the regional inhabitants. This symbolizes only 50 percent of the examination (Gray, 2007). (Guttentag, 2009), has assessed distinctive research that have revealed some "volunteer tourism" beneficial effects, for instance, normal positive circumstances to both the offer and the common parts in the advancement of gathering, trademark and cash related circumstances; the self-change and significance of the volunteer's life ; relationship with characteristic life; overhaul an imparted and rationally noteworthy relationship between the mixture and guest; gives ordinary objectives and values; and at last every offer voyager can be a representative of quietness. Though "volunteer tourism" seems to have a beneficial effect, negligible premium has been investigated on the unfavourable effect of "volunteer tourism" and like all other technique for travel and entertainment it shows both extraordinary and horrible features (Miller, 2007). Volunteer for two or four few weeks at the Matang Wild Life Centre and help towards the shielding of orang-utans in Borneo. The point of convergence's capable social affair execution relentlessly to update the recovery and dispatch exercises for orang-utans in this bit of Malaysian Borneo, as their figures are quickly reducing in light of individual commitment (Scheyvens, 2002). Through joint exertion with the country's state-controls, the centre works an alternate reward winning volunteer system with the purpose of restoring and pushing these astounding creatures. Volunteers help to make, clean, nourish, shade, and enhance the lifestyles of the orang-utans, encased by the bewildering perspective of the forested areas and Nation Recreation zone around "Mount Kubah". Although working at the meander, volunteers get to know and grasp the different singularities of all the orang-utans in the inside, see as young people go off to 'wild school' to perceive how to endure in the crazy, and see about orang-utan assurance, and the long run guaranteeing of the combinations. To deal with the most vital admiration for the reason, volunteers and agents don't achieve the orang-utans unless positively essential, as this can bring about to them making a pernicious insufficiency of anxiety towards people, and subsequently they are trustworthy to place stock in people with horrendous reason once returning in the crazy. Rather, the wander's attempts are concentrated absolutely on the compelling recovery and reintroduction of orang-utans returning into their common surroundings (Brown, 2008). Volunteers are crucial in this strategy, and give the centre enormously obliged help and work for the length of time of the year, helping with ordinary cultivating exercises, daily thought, and progression for the orang-utans. This consolidates continually making methodologies to launch their behaviour, routinely duplicating characteristic circumstances that would be found in the crazy. This is a really dynamic meander, with significantly fulfilling results. STP Plan Existing domain would offer the division, thinking on and course of action strategies proposed for Borneo orang-utan of "volunteer tourism" in Australia to secure went up against blended packs. Segmentation It is key that before segmenting a particular industry for the favoured thing of organization perspectives which are key for the customers and promoters should be seen first and as demonstrated by these edges division system should be performed (Lavery, 2012). There are two basic perspectives concentrated around which division could be conceivable in Australia "volunteer tourism" business focuses and these plot are excitement, socio-demographic information and client sort. Species-save should make use of the in excess of three parameter to have the ability to range the whole business. To have the ability to zone the whole business for "volunteer tourism" in Australia towards the travel and entertainment action. Immense quantities of the neighbourhood orang-utans that have this spot of Borneo are under risk from individual affiliation that meddles with their system for lifestyle and can regularly confirm fundamental. Kid orang-utans are reliably staying stranded as their mother and father are executed for diverse meats, or slaughtered as a result of the pummelling of their regular surroundings. Various orang-utans are in like manner taken to be showcased in the pet business, which frequently brings about their misuse and renunciation when they become unnecessarily for their captors to oversee (Brown, 2008). Targeting It is the second criteria to have the ability to make their suitable client stage which would be given nourishment by the association to advance their things courses of action in the business setting. To help settle on decision regarding which particular client section to be served by association first it is essential that business vision, objectives should be analysed and these should be in close closeness with the business zone picked by the association (Stabler, 2008). Inquiring about the few upsides and drawbacks for the two territories described in the business place for "volunteer tourism" it has been picked that association would serve both the sections with their excellent thing offering for each client portion. Strategy grasped by the association for serving both the sections would be described method wherein concentrated around the client ranges existing in the business focus there would be intriguing thing or game plans formed by the association to have the ability to fulfil need of their client stage. While settling on decision for giving both the client zones existing in the business focus needs to ensure that they have sufficient measure of benefits and capacity to have the ability to serve both these fragments without affecting general benefit of the association (Etzel, 2008). Further while making methods to have the ability to give both the client cluster should separate two client territories and making of thing plans should be compl eted according to the portrayed characteristics of the two business existing in the association. Created visit groups for the two portions should be destitute down for fulfilling purchasers need. There is a common false impression that aiding abroad must be a mind boggling thing and will emphatically advantage the offer and additionally the blended sack social event and those dazzled. Unfortunately this is not for the most part the circumstances. The upgraded essential for offer positions in making nations has been met by an augmentation of new endeavours and volunteer-sending affiliations laid out fundamentally to fulfil this need. The result may cause risky results to commonplace lifestyle and result in the abuse of both the offer and the blended pack cluster (Clifton, 2006). Positioning It of the travel and unwinding game plans gave by association would be key with a particular finished objective to charm customers and make a thing character which would transform into the long run business resource for the association. Plan of Specie-put something aside for courses of action gave by them would incorporate three key segments which are characteristics of business/objective, energetic appearance and thing character. Key tricks related with the "volunteer tourism" in Australia business would incorporate variables, for instance, offer of giving returning to assembling and making difference, probability to relate with likeminded individuals and to have a fantastic time stacked experience to make most of the events. Both more energetic offer and also grew up offer would be hunting down the purpose of stimulation experience from this escapade while giving returning to assembling would moreover be the inspiration driving both the ranges. Further for grew up offer there would be probability to compare with likeminded individuals while meanwhile more energetic offer would visit the spot to get some experience of the "volunteer tourism" design. Emotive appearance joined with the "volunteer tourism" example would incorporate the impression of fulfilled, enthusiasm to assembling, talking about essential contemplations experience and making strong relationship with their adolescents. Young offer would feel an alternate experience to go on journey for neighbourhood preferences. General both younger offer furthermore grew up offer would be having the impression of fun stacked excursion having an alternate experience by going to such an offer wander. Brand character connected with the present outing pack for Species-extra would incorporate to an extraordinary degree fulfilled, agreeable and energetic so that customers are having the vibe of repayment to the social occasion for collaboration made by them to neighbourhood individuals to improve money related and preservation help. Species-save should make the control of a negligible exertion travel administrators included into the "volunteer tourism" keeping in mind the end goal to benefit local people living in Vietnam so that insurance of the different mixtures for animals, animals and winged creatures could be conceivable by collaboration from social event stakeholders. Conclusion As "volunteer tourism" seems to extend, the risk of making into tremendous travel and unwinding is becoming all the more genuine. For example events business make might augmentation to a gigantic travel and entertainment business (Wearing, 2005). An alternate strategy should be centred around "volunteer tourism", regardless of the way that the relationship between the offer and the offered is a complex one, whereby it can be better directed by making a set of decides that suppliers, furthermore all diverse cross-fragments, need to modify and collaborate with each other for the standard objective of decreasing the side results that this industry may present to the mixture nation and in the meantime assemble its sure results. Likely the most unmistakable lacks as tagged in this article is the necessity for captivating more experienced volunteers or perhaps spend a work arranging concerning the volunteer's abilities as proposed by (McGehee, 2005). Bornean orang-utans appear to proceed in checked environment at diminished densities remembering some such gatherings stay amazingly immense environment diminish taking all things into account is ceaselessly on the risk the mixtures. Immense zone change errands, for instance, the terrible Mega-Rice Venture in Kalimantan layout how quickly places of orang-utan environment can be hurt. One thousand hectares of peat-swamp woodlands was for the most part slaughtered and wiped out in the midst of 1995-97 for change to grain ranges, paying little respect to the ineptitude of the district for developing. The restrictions of secured places in Borneo are consistently not unmistakably depicted, which makes them testing to watch. Besides, various recreational reaches are understaffed and underfunded. Therefore, moving cultivators, oil hand affiliations and checking refunds have encroached into all the recreational zones. Security issues joined with environment reduction involve the scatter of flame, taking after and human-animal issue. Orang-utans are searched for after for suppers in a couple of spots. Pursuing quality seems to shift beginning with one domain then onto the following, an example likely depicted by social and extraordinary mixtures. Of course, even the smallest after appeals can bring about an incredible decreasing in figures, even in first class environment. Pursuing is the comprehensible explanation behind the low approximated densities of orang-utans in low-slant unsettled areas, particularly in the higher gets to of the Katingan and Barito courses in Main Kalimantan and Pawan Stream in Western Kalimantan. The creatures are similarly habitually taken in retaliation when they move into developing spots, for instance, oil hand farms, and take out plants. This happens particularly in times of issues when orang-utans can't find the dinners they require in the woodlands. They recommend the need to attract much better a suitable "volunteer tourism" by system for restricting the amount of volunteers and executing a program that arrangements with the decision of volunteers, guaranteeing that their incorporation shows sufficient limits that keep up their sufficiency and match to the needs of a particular mixture nation. Thought should similarly be given to the particulars of the collection nation and whether these nations are prepared or readied to agree to this kind of completely free sponsorship. The degree that from the affirmation separated in this article the writer can't completely acknowledge the assurance with the prospect that "volunteer tourism" engages intercultural trades that vindicate hardship and support travel and diversion as neo-expansionism since there is an absence of complete unwavering quality in its association. It's unlawful that suppliers, for instance, travel masters redesign such a respectable explanation behind benefit and tak e favourable circumstances of the volunteer's sensible ends of the line. The primary terminus for this sort of movement should focus on the best systems in helping and fighting hardship and in the meantime trade the fortunate data of the created nation for the benefit of faultless inadequate nations in a non-reflex soul, that is, without benefit however just through duties and organizations. At long last, to holding this non-reflex sprit, it is unequivocally recommended that a Nation Panel of Values should be fabricated to authorize such an action and take after a declaration program whereby everything suppliers need to take after to its oversee of movement. References Alexander, Z. B. A., 2011. Understanding voluntourism: a Glaserian grounded theory study, Oxon: Routledge. Benson, A., 2011. Volunteer Tourism, Oxon: Routledge. Birrell, I., 2010. Before you pay to volunteer abroad, think of the harm you might do.. [Online] Available at: https://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2010/nov/14/orphans-cambodia-aidsholidays- madonna [Accessed 22 January 2015]. Brown, F. H. D., 2008. Tourism and development in the Global South: The issues. Third World Quarterly, 29(5), p. 839849. M., P., 2012. Volunteer Tourism, Development and Educations in a Post- Colonial World: Conceiving Global Connections beyond Aid. VolunTourism Newsletter. [Online] Available at: https://www.voluntourism.org/news-studyandresearch64.htm [Accessed 22 January 2015]. Clifton, J. B. A., 2006. Planning for sustainable ecotourism: the case for research ecotourism in developing country destinations. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 14(3), p. 238254. Etzel, M. W. R., 2008. The Use of Requested Promotional Materials by Pleasure Travellers. Journal of Travel Research, Issue 23, pp. 2-6. Gray, N. C. L., 2007. A decommodified experience? Exploring aesthetic, economic and ethical values for volunteer ecotourism in Costa Rica. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 15(5), p. 463482. Guttentag, D., 2009. The Possible Negative Impacts of Volunteer Tourism. International Journal of Tourism Research, Volume 11, pp. 537-551. Lamoureux, K. (., 2009. Success Factors of Cross-Sector Volunteer Tourism Partnerships Involving U.S. Federal Land Agencies, USA: George Washington University. Lavery, P., 2012. The Financing and Organisation of National Tourist Offices. Travel Tourism Analyst, Issue 4, pp. 84-101. Lee, Y. L. W. K. M., 2010. Voluntourist Transformation and the Theory of Integrative Cross-Cultural Adaptation. Annals of Tourism Research, 37(4), pp. 118-1189. Lyons, K. W. S., 2008. Volunteer tourism as alternative tourism: journeys beyond otherness. In: W. S. Lyon K, ed. In Journeys of Discovery in Volunteer Tourism. Cambridge, MA: CABI Publishing, p. 31. Master, H. P. B., 2000. Culture and vacation satisfaction: a study of Taiwanese tourist in South East Queensland. Tourism Management, 2(5), pp. 445-449. McGehee, N. G. S. C., 2005. Social change, discourse and volunteer tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, Volume 32, p. 760779. McIntosh, A. J. Z. A., 2007. A cultural encounter through volunteer tourism: Towards the ideals of sustainable tourism?. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, Volume 15, p. 541557. Miller, J., 2007. Voluntourism in Thailand, Travel Review from Travel Intelligence. [Online] Available at: https://www.travelintelligence.com/travel-writing/voluntourism-thailand [Accessed 22 January 2015]. Newsome, D. M. S. D. R., 2002. Natural Area Tourism: Ecology Impacts and Management, UK: : Channel View publications. Palacios, C., 2010. Volunteer Tourism, Development and Education in a Postcolonial World: Conceiving Global Connections beyond Aid. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(7), pp. 861-878. Raymond, E. H. C., 2008. The development of cross-cultural (mis)understanding through volunteer tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 16(5), p. 530543. Reed, K., 2009. The social construction of volunteer non-governmental organization worker identities: Preliminary analysis of effects and implications for information behaviors. Proceeding of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 46(1), pp. 1-4. Scheyvens, R., 2002. Tourism for Development: Empowering Communities, Toronto: Prentice Hall. Simpson, K., 2004. Doing development: the gap year, volunteer-tourists and a popular practice of development. Journal of International Develop, Volume 16, p. 681692. Stabler, M., 2008. The Image of Destination Regions: Theoretical and Empirical Aspects, l.: In B. Wall, G. M. A., 2006. Tourism change, impacts and opportunities, Harlow: Pearson. Wearing, S., 2001. Volunteer Tourism: Experience the make a difference, Oxford: CABI Publishing. Wearing, S. M. M. P. J., 2005. Building a Decommodified Research Paradigm in Tourism: The Contribution of NGOs. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 13(5), pp. 424-439.

Franz Kafkas The Judgment Summary

Franz Kafka's The Judgment Summary Franz Kafka’s â€Å"The Judgment† is the tale of a quiet young man caught in an outrageous situation. The story starts off by following its main character, Georg Bendemann, as he deals with a series of day-to-day concerns: his upcoming marriage, his family’s business affairs, his long-distance correspondence with an old friend, and, perhaps most importantly, his relationship with his aged father. Although Kafka’s third-person narration maps out the circumstances of Georg’s life with considerable detail, â€Å"The Judgment† is not really a sprawling work of fiction. All the main events of the story occur on a â€Å"Sunday morning in the height of spring† (p.49). And, until the very end, all the main events of the story take place in the small, gloomy house that Georg shares with his father. But as the story progresses, Georg’s life takes a bizarre turn. For much of â€Å"The Judgment†, Georg’s father is depicted as a weak, helpless man- a shadow, it seems, of the imposing businessman he once was. Yet this father transforms into a figure of enormous knowledge and power. He springs up in fury when Georg is tucking him into bed, viciously mocks Georg’s friendships and upcoming marriage, and ends by condemning his son to â€Å"death by drowning†. Georg flees the scene. And instead of thinking over or rebelling against what he has seen, he rushes to a nearby bridge, swings over the railing, and carries out his father’s wish: â€Å"With weakening grip he was still holding on when he spied between the railings a motor-bus coming which would easily cover the noise of his fall, called in a low voice: ‘Dear parents, I have always loved you, all the same,’ and let himself drop† (p. 63). Kafka’s Writing Methods As Kafka states in his diary for 1912, â€Å"this story, ‘The Judgment’, I wrote in one sitting of the 22nd-23rd, from ten o’clock to six o’clock in the morning. I was hardly able to pull my legs out from under the desk, they had got so stiff from sitting. The fearful strain and joy, how the story developed before me as if I were advancing over water†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This method of rapid, continuous, one-shot composition wasn’t simply Kafka’s method for â€Å"The Judgment†. It was his ideal method of writing fiction. In the same diary entry, Kafka declares that â€Å"only in this way can writing be done, only with such coherence, with such a complete opening out of the body and soul.† Of all his stories, â€Å"The Judgment† was apparently the one that pleased Kafka the most. The writing method that he used for this bleak tale became one of the standards that he used to judge his other pieces of fiction. In a 1914 diary entry, Kafka recorded his â€Å"great antipathy to The Metamorphosis. Unreadable ending. Imperfect almost to its very marrow. It would have turned out very much better if I had not been interrupted at the time by the business trip.† The Metamorphosis was one of Kafka’s better-known stories during his lifetime, and it is almost without a doubt his best-known story today. Yet for Kafka, it represented an unfortunate departure from the method of highly-focused composition and unbroken emotional investment exemplified by â€Å"The Judgment.† Kafka’s Own Father Kafka’s relationship with his father was quite uneasy. Hermann Kafka was a well-off businessman, and a figure who inspired a mixture of intimidation, anxiety, and grudging respect in his sensitive son Franz. In his â€Å"Letter to My Father†, Kafka acknowledges his father’s â€Å"dislike of my writing and all that, unknown to you, was connected with it.† But as depicted in this famous (and unsent) letter, Hermann Kafka is also canny and manipulative. He is fearsome, but not outwardly brutal. In the younger Kafka’s words, â€Å"I might go on to describe further orbits of your influence and of struggle against it, but there I would be entering uncertain ground and would have to construct things, and apart from that, the further you are at a remove from your business and your family the pleasanter you have always become, easier to get on with, better mannered, more considerate, and more sympathetic (I mean outwardly too), in exactly the same way as for instance an autocrat, when he happen to be outside the frontiers of his own country, has no reason to go on being tyrannical and is able to associate good-humoredly with even the lowest of the low.† Revolutionary Russia Throughout â€Å"The Judgment†, Georg mulls over his correspondence with a friend â€Å"who had actually run away to  Russia some years before, being dissatisfied with his prospects at home† (49). Georg even reminds his father of this friend’s â€Å"incredible stories of the Russian Revolution. For instance, when he was on a business trip in Kiev and ran into a riot, and saw a priest on a balcony who cut a broad cross in blood on the palm of his hand and held the hand up and appealed to the mob† (58). Kafka may be referring to the Russian Revolution of 1905. In fact, one of the leaders of this Revolution was a priest named Gregory Gapon, who organized a peaceful march outside the Winter Palace in  St. Petersburg. Nonetheless, it would be wrong to assume that Kafka wants to provide a historically accurate picture of early 20th-century Russia. In â€Å"The Judgment†, Russia is a perilously exotic place. It is a stretch of the world that Georg and his father have never seen and perhaps doesnt understand, and somewhere that Kafka, consequently, would have little reason to describe in documentary detail. (As an author, Kafka was not averse to simultaneously talking about foreign locations and keeping them at a distance. After all, he began composing the novel Amerika without having visited the United States.) Yet Kafka was well versed in certain Russian authors, particularly Dostoevsky. From reading Russian literature, he may have gleaned the stark, unsettling, imaginary visions of Russia that crop up in â€Å"The Judgment.† Consider, for instance, Georg’s speculations about his friend: â€Å"Lost in the vastness of Russia he saw him. At the door of an empty, plundered warehouse he saw him. Among the wreckage of his showcases, the slashed remnants of his wares, the falling gas brackets, he was just standing up. Why, why did he have to go so far away!† (p. 59). Money, Business, and Power Matters of trade and finance initially draw Georg and his father together- only to become a subject of discord and contention later in â€Å"The Judgment†. Early on, Georg tells his father that â€Å"I can’t do without you in the business, you know that very well† (56). Though they are bound together by the family firm, Georg does seem to hold most of the power. He sees his father as an â€Å"old man† who- if he didn’t have a kind or pitying son- â€Å"would go on living alone in the old house† (58). But when Georg’s father finds his voice late in the story, he ridicules his son’s business activities. Now, instead of submitting to Georg’s favors, he gleefully reproaches Georg for â€Å"strutting through the world, finishing off deals I had prepared for him, bursting with triumphant glee and stealing away from his father with the closed face of a respectable business man!† (61). Unreliable Information, and Complex Reactions Late in â€Å"The Judgment,† some of Georg’s most basic assumptions are rapidly overturned. Georg’s father goes from seeming physically depleted to making outlandish, even violent physical gestures. Georg’s father reveals that his knowledge of the Russian friend is much, much deeper than Georg had ever imagined. As the father triumphantly states the case to Georg, â€Å"he knows everything a hundred times better than you do yourself, in his left hand he crumples your letters unopened while in his right hand he holds up my letters to read through!† (62). Georg reacts to this news- and many of the father’s other pronouncements- without any doubt or questioning. Yet the situation should not be so straightforward for Kafka’s reader. When Georg and his father are in the midst of their conflict, Georg seldom seems to think over what he is hearing in any detail. However, the events of â€Å"The Judgment† are so strange and so sudden that, at times, it seems Kafka is inviting us to do the difficult analytic and interpretive work that Georg himself seldom performs. Georg’s father may be exaggerating, or lying. Or maybe Kafka has created a story that is more like a dream than a depiction of reality- a story where the most twisted, overblown, unthinking reactions make a kind of hidden, perfect sense. Discussion Questions Does â€Å"The Judgment† strike you as a story that was written in one impassioned sitting? Are there any times when it doesn’t follow Kaka’s standards of â€Å"coherence† and â€Å"opening out†- times when Kafka’s writing is reserved or puzzling, for instance?Who or what, from the real world, is Kafka criticizing in â€Å"The Judgment†? His father? Family values? Capitalism? Himself? Or do you read â€Å"The Judgment† as a story that, instead of aiming at a specific satiric target, simply aims to shock and entertain its readers?How would you sum up the way Georg feels about his father? The way his father feels about him? Are there any facts you don’t know, but that could change your views on this question if you did know them?Did you find â€Å"The Judgment† mostly disturbing or mostly humorous? Are there any times when Kafka manages to be disturbing and humorous at the same moment? Source Kafka, Franz. The Metamorphosis, In The Penal Colony, and Other Stories. Paperback, Touchstone, 1714.

Free sample - Saboteur. translation missing

Saboteur. SaboteurAt first glance, Mr. Chiu's revenge was neither justified nor proportionate.   Mr. Chiu had no moral right to infect innocent people with hepatitis. Besides, he indirectly killed six people including two children. The non proportionality of his revenge was illustrated by the number of infected people. Thus, on the one side we see two men who were tortured but still were alive and could continue to live. On the other side there are two actually innocent children and eight hundred infected who suffered for the crimes of the local police. In addition, it is not obvious that those policemen that had maltreated Mr. Chiu and Fenjin were affected by infection and became the victims of Mr. Chiu's revenge. The cruelty of his actions is non human. Perhaps, it is explained by the fact that Mr. Chiu's colleagues â€Å"joked about his flesh, which they said must have tasted nonhuman to flea† (Jin). Consequently, we may see that his revenge was blind and caused not by the wish to conduct justice but by his inability to resist local police as actually all facts were fabricated against him and he had no chance of successful outcome in case of court claim. Nevertheless, could Mr. Chiu be really affected by such primitive emotions? He continued to think about his paper on the nature of contradictions even being in the prison so his mind was clear all the time. Besides, he was â€Å"an expert in dialectical materialism† so he could easily find all pros and contras of his actions and those arguments must have been rather sophisticated. Can we find any justification for his actions? Actually, there is at least one possible. Local police based its charges on the evidences of people who crowded around Mr. Chiu at the moment of his quarrel with two policemen. Each of those witnesses was a liar and they made Mr. Chiu and his friend suffer and threatened his life. From this point of view not only policemen were criminals but also other simple people were so. Their criminality reflected not only in the false evidences but also in their inability to resist local police and to set fair authorities. Policemen were not an alien element of that society as they originated from it and actually were a part of the society and the monster created by that weak-hearted society. Hence, Mr. Chiu's revenge was justified as he punished the same society which had indirectly led to his sufferings. Was it right to kill those two children? As for me, neither wish for justice may be justified by the child's tears but we shall try to look at it from China's cultural perspective. The history of China is full of examples when not only the family of delinquent official but also the families of his relatives were executed. Thus, the idea was that children were responsible for the crimes of their parents. The reason of such cruelty was not only the wish to exclude the possibility of relatives' revenge but also to eliminate those social factors that led to offense. In case of Mr. Chiu such social factor was an absence of will and conformism of the locals who had not resisted the police but upheld its actions. Hence, Mr. Chiu had revenged in the spirit of Chinese traditions and it may be justified and may be found to be proportionate in the light of that society's ideas but not the society recognizing the importance of human rights. Nevertheless, even in such case, Mr. Chiu's actions lac ked a very important element. It may be presumed that revenge is a sort of justice. Both Utilitarian and Natural Law theories of justice indicate that there shall be a connection between the crime and the punishment. Natural law theory says that offender shall understand that he or she is punished for the specific crime he or she committed and Utilitarian theory claims that punishment shall influence the offender and other people in the way to preclude repetition of the crime (West). Were any of such motives present in Mr. Chiu's actions? None. Affected people could not know the reason of the disease, they didn't understand that it was a punishment for their conformism and consequently did not change their behavior. Hence, Mr. Chiu's revenge may not be justified from any point of view and I consider it to be a blind cruel revenge caused by his powerlessness.

Child Language Disability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words - 1

Child Language Disability - Essay Example These questions are then valued on the basis of the frequency with which the child demonstrates a certain behavior (Niparko, 2009). This test revealed that the child able to appropriately use the auditory input in quiet listening situations, however, the background noise seemed to disturb her making it more difficult for her to interpret auditory input. Â  Such difficulties are commonly faced by individuals with hearing impairments. According to Marschark (2007) deafness leads to serious consequences on literacy, educational achievement as well as the socio-emotional development of children. This child was enrolled in a school for children with hearing impairment. She has undergone two cochlear implants, twice. Children with a cochlear implant may face minor difficulties in developing abilities to listen or speak properly. However, they are more apt in learning through visual aids. The learning style of every child varies. Hence even after the implants if the child displays greater competence in learning through visual aids rather than auditory aids, and prefers to learn and speak through sign language rather than learn to speak in English, then they should be encouraged to do so (Christiansen, Leigh, 2002). Â  Since this child has difficulty in language development and social skills, she may need special attention from the teachers, which includes individual speech and language assistance beyond the general classroom sessions. Auditory training can also be given separately where the focus is mostly on language reception and speech production of the child. Such activities will help in improving the child's listening skills (Clark, 2003).

Legal Issues and the Role of Nurse Manager Essay

Legal Issues and the Role of Nurse Manager - Essay Example Failure to use due care can be considered as negligent behavior. Failure to meet standard of care, which results in injury to the patient, can make the medical professional liable for resulting damages. The medical professional can be a doctor, a nurse, or a health care provider. Causation helps determine whether the medical professional's carelessness caused injury. It is the most difficult element of negligence to prove and so courts have sometimes resorted to the theory of res ipsa loquitor. Three conditions for the application of res ipsa loquitur are "Personal injury" cases are legal disputes that arise when one person suffers harm from an accident or injury, and someone else might be legally responsible for that harm. Injury, which occurs due to someone's negligence in the patient's treatment, forms the basis of claim and lawsuit Negligence is failure to guard against risk of harm to others and imposes liability on whoever is responsible for negligence. In order to prove that negligence has occurred, the following criterion needs to be met and proven in a court of law: In the given case harm has occurred to the patient who fractured her hand. The nurse, nurse manager and the hospital owe the duty of care to the patient and have failed in discharging their duty successfully. Who is liable and to what extent, demands an evaluation of the circumstances, which caused the injury to the patient. This idea of evaluation of circumstances is common in healthcare. It has been noted that, "although a particular action or omission may be the immediate cause of an incident, closer analysis usually reveals a series of events and departures from safe practice, each influenced by the working environment and the wider organisational context. This more complex picture is gaining acceptance in health care" (Vincent et al, 2000). The omission may or may not be purely an act of carelessness; it could be a result of how work processes are organised making the nurse manager and hospital more liable, than the nurse who may not be a direct cause of injury. The fact that in her chart the nurse has documented that "this would not have happened if I had been present to help her" establishes that the nurse made a mistake. However one also needs to consider whether this mistake is truly negligence. This calls for an evaluation of the circumstances in which the injury occurred. Two situations are discussed below: Situation 1.: Delay in response because nurse was gossiping/careless/did not see the call light or failed to stick to the

Relationship between price earning ratio and stock returns

Relationship between price earning ratio and stock returns There have been a large number of literatures during the past years on price earnings and stock return. The existing literatures propose different theories to how the price earning ratio may affect the performance of a company and also the factors that may influence it. Price-Earning Ratio There are several measures to determine the valuation of a security. Most often, the measures are determined by comparing the securitys price to different fundamentals such as earnings and dividends. One of the most respected stock valuation measures is the Price Earning ratio, which compare the price of the security to the companys earnings. Graham (1933) was the first to introduce the concept of the price earning ratio as a measure of performance of the stock market and the application of the P/E ratio was based on the idea that earning are related to value. Basu (1977) identified P/E ratio as predictor of subsequent performance and in particular high P/E firms underperformed and low P/E firms outperformed. The study done by Basu (1977) also state that P/E ratio, due to exaggerated investor expectations, may be indicators of future investment performance and he also validated Nicholsons results which state that low companies having low P/E ratios on average subsequently yield higher returns than high P/E companies. Gonedes and Dopuch (1974) declared that price models are conceptually inferior to return models under the presence of under-developed theories of valuation. Additionally Christie (1987) argues that price models present more econometric problems than return models. On the contrary there is a majority of studies that declare the superiority of the price model on explaining the return-earnings relation such as Bowen (1981), Olsen (1985), Landsman (1986), Barth et.al (1990, 1992) Barth (1991). However, the P/E ratio as it is commonly used is the result of network of influences, similar to the way in which a companys share price is influenced not only by idiosyncratic factors particular to that company, but also by movement in prices on markets as a whole, and the sector in which the company operates. Four main influences on a companys P/E ratio have been identified: The year the average market P/E varies year by year, as the overall level of investor confidence changes The sector in which the company operates. The size of the company there is a close positive relationship between a companys market capitalisation and the P/E accorded. Idiosyncratic effects. Companies examined in the same year, operating in the same sector and of similar size nevertheless have different P/Es. Idiosyncratic effects, that do not affect any other company account for this. Stock returns The CAPM developed by Sharpe (1964), Lintner (1965) and Mossin (1966) has been the most widely accepted among the many models developed to explain the relationship between expected returns and risk. According to the CAPM, the market can only compensates the investors for bearing systematic risk or common risk, which is measured by the assets beta. The beta measures the contribution of the risky asset to the riskiness of the entire efficient portfolio. The relationship between the expected return and risk can be expressed in CAPM model: E(Ri) = Rf + ÃŽÂ ²i(E(Rm)- Rf) Where E(Ri) = the expected return on the ith risky asset Rf = the expected return on a risk-free asset E(Rm) = the expected return on the market portfolio ÃŽÂ ²i = beta coefficient of the ith risky asset The establishment of the CAPM are based on the following assumptions: Investors are risk averse. Therefore investors prefer the highest expected return for a given standard deviation and the lowest standard deviation for a given expected return. The returns from investment are normally distributed. Therefore two parameters, the expected return and the standard deviation, are sufficient to describe the distribution of returns. All investors have a common single-period time horizon for their investment decision making. All investors can borrow and lend unlimited amount of money at a given risk-free rate. All investors have the same estimates of the expected return on each asset, the variance of return for each asset, and also the covariance between returns for each pair of assets. All assets are traded in the perfect markets; that is, all assets are marketable, there are no transaction costs or taxes, and all investors are price takers. The CAPM is challenged by the evidences on anomalies in stock returns. The CAPM says that all diversifiable risks will not be compensated and the only relevant risk is the market risk. Therefore, besides the market factor, no other factors should systematically affect the stock returns. The firm specific factors are capture by the error term, which is random. But the findings of the anomalies such as size, book-to-market equity and earning-to-price ratio suggest that investors can earn abnormal returns based on these trading rules. This may imply that the CAPM is mis-specified. Many empirical studies have been conducted and it has been found that stock returns are affected by some factors such as: Book-to-Market Equity effect Rosenberg, Reid and Lanstein (1985) and Stattman (1980) found that there is a positive relationship between stock returns and book-to-market equity. By the means of the time-series regression, the t-statistics obtained clearly show a positive result for their hypothesis. In study of Lakonishok, Scheifer and Vishny (1994), all the stock in the US market was divided into ten deciles portfolios from 1968 to1989 based on the book-to-market equity (BM) ratio. The results show that the average annual returns for deciles with the highest BM was 10.5 percent higher than the lowest BM deciles. Size effect The size effect is among the most prominent phenomena identified. Banz (1981) documents that there is size effect in the US stock market, using a test period from 1963 to 1975. The result of this study shows that small firms (measured by market value) on the average earn higher risk-adjusted returns than big firms. Seasonal effect Another evidence of the existence of the anomalies is the seasonal effect. In certain period of the year, stock returns are found to be higher as compared to the rest on the calendar year. The most common example of the seasonal effect is the January effect where stocks repeatedly earn higher returns in the month of January than the rest of the months in the year. The seasonal effect is also found in countries including Japan, Australia and Canada documented by Officer (1975), Berges (1984) and Jaffe Westerfield (1985) respectively. Many researches illustrate the relationship between the price earning ratio and the stock return of a company. Lakonishok, Scheifer and Vishny (1994) implemented P/E ratio as an expected future earnings growth indicator, in an excessive cross- sectional analysis. They proved that investors tend to favour stocks with exceptional past and current performance glamour stocks as they believe that past success will continue in the future, that is, they attribute the extra returns from value shares to psychological factors affecting market participants. According to Burgstahler and Dichev (1997), when the earnings to book value ratio is high, earnings are a more important determinant of equity value and vice versa. Moreover, Kormedi and Lipe (1987) and Collins and Kothari (1989) among other, identified that the earnings persistence is one of the major determinant of the magnitude of the earnings-return relation. EMPIRICAL REVIEW Several papers examined the ability of price and return models (along with some alternative forms) to accommodate the return-earnings relationship. An important ratio for the more low-risk, defensive investor was introduced by Graham and Dodd in 1933. They introduced the Earnings/Price ratio which is simply the Price/Earnings Ratio but flipped around as a benchmark for equity valuation. After the 1929 stock market crash, they recommend the investors that rather by trying to guess what the future bring, they should concentrate on other factors such as the companys past earnings or the value of its assets. According to Graham and Dodd, a company with strong profits and a relatively low stock price was probably undervalued. Also the fact that each share is value a number of times its current earnings became commonly satisfactory as a specific P/E level enables financial investors to make their buy/sell decision. The authors specified that P/E ratio, which is calculated by current fundam entals, never provide an exact appraisal for stocks. As a conclusion, P/E ratio was first regarded as a rough benchmark for selective stock investment and a tool for applying specific financial strategies so that in the long term, above-market returns can be generated. One of the first works showing the effect of the Price Earnings ratio was done by Nicholson (1960). The first study was based on a sample of 100 stocks which were mainly from industrial issues of trust investment quality and the stock was taken from the period 1939-1959. The stocks were arranged into groups of five according to their P/E ration in ascending order and were rebalanced every five years. The author found out that the twenty lowest multiple stocks had larger price gains as compared to the twenty highest multiple stocks. Those with the lowest P/E would deliver 14.7 times its original investment after the 20-year period, whereas the portfolio with the highest P/E stocks only earned 4.7 times its initial investment. Eight years later, Nicholson (1968) conducted another study where he looked at the earnings of 189 companies between 1937 and 1962. By dividing companies into groups of five, he found out that the average return for companies with a P/E ratio below ten was 12.7% per annum as compare to companies with a P/E ratio above twenty which had an average return of 7.97% per annum. Another studies done by Basus papers (1977) confirmed the results of Nicholson. The author tried to find the relationship between the investment performance of common stocks and their P/E ratio. He studied the price performance of NYSE industrial firms from 1957 to 1971. Two or more portfolios will be computed whereby risk-return relationship is weighted against each other and their performance is measured in pre-determined terms. Price to earnings ratio for every sample was calculated and they were ranked. Five portfolios were formed according to their P/E ratio. Considering the inter-quartile range, dispersion of the P/E ratio over the 14 years period can be noted where the low portfolio earned a return of 16.3% per annum compared to 9.3% for the high portfolio. Later researches (Jaffe, Keim and westerfield (1989) and Fama and French (1992)) supported the effectiveness that stocks with low P/E ratios produce higher returns. However a possible rejection of Nicholson and Basus studies on the Price Earnings ratio was made by Ball (1978). He conceded the apparent of such effects and argued that abnormal returns could not be produced on the basis of information available in the public area as they are of little or zero costs. Other reasons that could account for this irregularity are the systematic experimental error, transaction and processing costs and failure of Sharpes two parameter CAPM model. Beaver and Morse (1978) found out that when combining stocks into portfolios based on their price to earnings ratio, the differences among the portfolio continued up to the 14 years and that growth is not able to explain the existence of these little differences. I the years in which the portfolios are created, the price earnings are negatively correlated with earnings growth but positively correlated with earning growth in the next year implying that investors are considering only short-live distortions. In the study, the correlation of earnings growth in 1957 is negative 0.28 and the median correlation over the 19 years is negative 0.28. This is due to investors belief that earnings have been affected by temporary, random events or accounting management policies (rate of inflation, change in accounting treatment), firms which have low earning growth tend to have a high P/E ratio in the same year. As the portfolio are formed on the basis of ratio of price to realised earnings, stock s with transitory earnings will be grouped together meaning portfolio with the highest P/E ratio will be likely to include firms with negative transitory elements, that is, realized earnings are lower than the expected earnings. In the next year, while investors expectations are confirmed and earning growth increases, there is a positive correlation between P/E ration and earning growth. The author concluded that differences in accounting methods are the most evident explanation in differences in the P/E ratio rather than risk and growth. Studies that relate to accounting and price data normally derived the accounting measures from the COMPUSTAT database and for the quality returns they use CRSP data. However some difficulties may arise when using the COMPUSTAT database and Branz and Breen (1986) explained on the two possible problems that may crop up, that is, the ex-post-selection bias and the look-ahead bias. The ex-post-selection meant that companies which have merged, gone bankrupt or otherwise disappeared are no more included in the COMPUSTAT database and also new companies appeared with a full accounting history which does not exist before. The look-ahead bias resulted because of a dating problem where investors would not have access to portfolios that were formed at the end of the year and they had to wait several months before having access to it. Branz and Breen eliminated these factors by collecting certain COMPUSTAT items on a monthly basis that contain information on companies that was available to the in vestors and which also include all companies that had gone bankrupt, merged or disappeared on the COMPUSTAT. They concluded that even though the size effect was present, the Price Earning ratio was no more important as it is the data biases that had generated the evident P/E effect. Alford (1992) studied the accuracy of the valuation of the price to earning ratio when comparable firms are selected on the basis of industry, risk and earning growth. Alford (1992) used a sample of NYSE, ASE and OTC firms for the years 1978, 1982 and 1986 to analyse the accuracy of the price earning valuation. Each of the selected comparable firms predicted stock price is compared to its actual price and the author found that the price to earning ratio is an accurate measure of equity valuation. The findings of his research concluded that much of the diversity of P/E is attributed to the variety in the level of risk and earning growth of the individual firm. In addition, the industry factor appears to be a good proxy for risk and earning growth realed to the P/E ratios. Alford (1992) showed that the use of the industry P/E multiplied by the firms earnings per share (EPS) was proved to be an accurate estimator of its equity. The assessment of the accuracy of the P/E estimator was mad e under the efficient market hypothesis. In an efficient market, the market price changes randomly to reflect all new information. Thus, it can be used to test the accuracy of the theoretical price that Alford (1992) calculated, using P/E ratio. However this condition might not hold for different market. Value strategies have been defined by lakonishok, Schleifer and Vishny (1994) as the buying of stocks whose price are low as compared to other indicators of fundamental values such as earnings, dividends, historical prices, book asset or other measures of value in a comprehensive treatment of the issue of value strategies versus glamour stocks. They collected and studied stock prices between the periods 1963 to 1990. Firms are then classified into value or glamour stocks based on their past growth in sales and expected future growth as implied by the then-current P/E ratio. Differences in the expected future growth rated between the value and glamour stocks were found and as shown by the P/E ratio, investors were always overestimating them. For the first couple of years, the glamour stocks grew more quickly but afterwards the growth rates for the two types of stocks were almost identical. Glamour strategies were outperformed by 10-11% per year by the value strategies which used both past low growth and low multiples. Thus, glamour stock became overestimated, failed to meet investors expectation and were gradually abandoned. Stocks with temporarily depressed earnings are lumped together with well-performing glamour stocks in the high expected growth/low E/P category. These stocks with depressed earnings do not experience the same degree of poor future stock performance as the glamour stocks, perhaps because they are less overpriced by the market is the possible reason why the P/E did not produce a large effect as he other measures of fundamental value such as price-to book value or price-to-cash flow. Lakonishok, Schleifer and Vishny (1994) argued that such strategies offer higher return because they take advantage of investors sub-optimal behaviour. They came across little, if any, support that the value strategies were riskier and also found that the value stocks performed better than the glamour stocks. As a conclusion we can say that there has been much research that has been done on the price earnings ratio. Also many studies have been done throughout the world on different stock exchange market such as the Athens Stock Exchange (ASE). These studies concentrate on the impact of the price earning ration on the stock returns and it has been seen that price earning ratio do affect the stock returns, for example, Basu (1977) confirmed that stocks with low P/E ratio produce higher returns. However these researches had focus mainly on the empirical review rather than the theoretical review and this is the reason why we concentrate more on the empirical review.