Nurse Family Partnership A Community Health Based Home...

Introduction Nurse Family Partnership (NFP) program is a community health-based home visiting program which is evidence based. This program is designed for women with no previous births who have low income. It involves the use of nurses or paraprofessionals to pay home visits to vulnerable mothers, usually socially disadvantaged teenagers who are first time mothers. These health professionals pay home visits from pregnancy till the children are about two years of age. The aim of this is to improve pregnancy outcomes, health and development of the child and improve the maternal life course through promotion of economic self-sufficiency. This program which is evidence based have proven effective over 3 decades and have been replicated in†¦show more content†¦NFP has three broad goals which are: improvement of pregnancy outcomes through promotion of prenatal care; improvement of child health and development by teaching parents the necessary skills and safety measures; and improvement of mat ernal development over the life course through empowerment. These three broad goals are related to the Healthy People 2020 (HP2020) objectives and Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). The HP2020 topic, Maternal, Infant and Child Health major goal is to improve the health and well-being of women, infants, children, and families which aligns with NFP goals. This topic has a broad set of objectives with sub objectives that are well related to NFP goals such as: objectives related to reduction in maternal and infant morbidity and mortality; and objectives that influence preconception, pregnancy and postpartum health and behavior e.g. increasing the proportion of pregnant women who receive early and adequate prenatal care and increasing the proportion of infants who are put to sleep on their backs, to mention a few. NFP goals also align with SDG. It aligns with the third SDG which is to ‘Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages’ with targets to reduce the global maternal, infant and child mortality and morbidity ratio to certain percentages by year 2030. Literature review NFP is a community health program with over 3 decades of proven research which shows itsShow MoreRelatedThe Family Health For The Community952 Words   |  4 PagesThe family health nurse providing care in the community must integrate community involvement and knowledge about the population with their personal and clinical comprehension of health and illness experiences of individuals and families within a population (Kaakinen, Coehlo, Steele, Tabacco, Harmon Hanson, 2015). Nurse Home Visiting Programs The visiting nurse can assess a family’s health statues in their environment that will allow them to develop specific interventions and strategies, as wellRead MoreHistory of Community Health Nursing Essay1474 Words   |  6 PagesHistory of Community Nursing Matrix As long as people have existed, they needed to look after their health. As a result, the healthcare industry was born. Nurses were a vital part of that growing community. This paper will approach three different historical periods in the United States, discuss the nurse’s role in the community in regards to the major health issues of that period, how they partnered with the community to create new programs and finish with an intellectual discussion on how JeanRead MoreNational Health And Public Health1658 Words   |  7 PagesSlide 1: Hello, and welcome to the â€Å"Public Health Detailing† webinar, sponsored by the Center for Public Health Continuing Education at the University at Albany, School of Public Health in conjunction with the New York State Department of Health. Slide 2: By the end of this production you will be able to: describe the concept of detailing as applied to public health practice, explain the rationale and goals of the health care provider office visit approach and cite evidence of its effectivenessRead MorePregnant Women With Social Risk1584 Words   |  7 Pagesassistance from health or social services that can meet with them geographically and psychologically (Glavin, 2013). Nurses all over the world share the same beliefs and values of promoting of health and prevention of diseases, holistic care no matter the living conditions, collaboration with the government, client, and health organizations, caring and understanding relationship, and independence in public health (DM). In the United States, a Nurse-Family Partnership is a free voluntary program that servicesRead MorePersonal Connection : A For A Maternity Center For Over 3.5 Years Now As A Certified Nursing Assistant2251 Words   |  10 Pagesfor come from homes where they have been abused, the father of the baby is not involved in their lives, or they lack any other form of social support. I specifically remember a teen couple that was going through their first pregnancy together. However, her pregnancy wasn’t what any new parents could expect to prepare for. She was expecting a set of twins, both of which were IUGR (intrauterine growth restriction), and were expected to have some form of mental disability. Their family background wasRead MoreCommunity Health Reflection850 Words   |  4 PagesCommunity Health Nursing Reflection Veronica Hubbard NUR/405 June 25, 2012 Cindy Januale Community Health Nursing Reflection Community health nursing is a specialty field of nursing which care is provided to people in the community setting. A community health nurse can provide care to children and the adult population. As a result of the economic depression, more people in the community are becoming jobless, homeless, low-income, and uninsured. So the need for community health nursesRead MoreThe Core Competencies Of Public Health Essay1642 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the core competencies of public health is partnership and collaboration, and over the years, the need for collaborative partnerships between primary care and public health has grown substantially. Studies have shown that collaborative partnerships between primary care and public health working together towards a common goal, is essential for improving health quality (Valaitis, 2012). Bramalea Community Health Centre (BCHC) is a non-profit organization located at 40 Finchgate Boulevard (SuiteRead MoreWolfeC Evaluating website NR500 Essays942 Words   |  4 PagesCharles B Wolfe Chamberlain College of Nursing Evaluating a Website for Credibility A search for men’s health related website conducted using the public search engine Google.com. Men’s Health Network (MHN), http://www.menshealthnetwork.org, is a nonprofit organization reaching out to males and their families focusing on the growing health crisis that affect the premature mortality of men (Men’s Health Network, 2014). Approximately 50% of the population is male; evaluating the sites credibility is importantRead MoreCommunity and Public Nursing Reflection Paper890 Words   |  4 PagesCommunity and Public Health Nursing Reflection Lorraine Gambino NUR/405 May 6, 2013 Bonnie Schoettle Community and Public Health Nursing Reflection Incorporating preventative recommendations into clinical work can be a complicated and multidimensional obligation. According to Silva, Cashman, Kunte, amp; Candib, â€Å"addressing preventative recommendation alone for patients in a typical day requires in excess of 7.4 hours† (2012). Health care providers are also aware that within the communityRead MoreInfant Death Recorded ( 2010 Infant Deaths, Vital Records ) Essay1005 Words   |  5 Pagesaccording to the American Community Survey (ACS) 5-year estimates, which is an indicator of the town’s income and poverty level. The state average is 10.7% with Winchendon averaging 12.2% for use of SNAP according to the ACS. {Domain 1, 2, 4} Winchendon Health Center is also located in the town and is affiliated with Henry Heywood Hospital, which is located in Gardner. It has been a hospital/health center since the early 1900’s providing health services to the community. There continues to be

World War II in the Pacific - New Guinea, Burma, China

Previous: Japanese Advances Early Allied Victories World War II 101 Next: Island Hopping to Victory The Japanese Land in New Guinea In early 1942, following their occupation of Rabaul on New Britain, Japanese troops began landing on the north coast of New Guinea. Their objective was to secure the island and its capital, Port Moresby, in order to consolidate their position in the South Pacific and provide a springboard for attacking the Allies in Australia. That May, the Japanese prepared an invasion fleet with the goal of attacking Port Moresby directly. This was turned back by Allied naval forces at the Battle of the Coral Sea on May 4-8. With the naval approaches to Port Moresby closed, the Japanese focused on attacking overland. To accomplish this, they began landing troops along the islands northeast coast on July 21. Coming ashore at Buna, Gona, and Sanananda, Japanese forces began pressing inland and soon captured the airfield at Kokoda after heavy fighting. Battle for the Kokoda Trail The Japanese landings preempted Supreme Allied Commander, Southwest Pacific Area (SWPA) General Douglas MacArthurs plans for using New Guinea as a platform for attacking the Japanese at Rabaul. Instead, MacArthur built up his forces on New Guinea with the goal of expelling the Japanese. With the fall of Kokoda, the only way to supply Allied troops north of the Owen Stanley Mountains was over the single-file Kokoda Trail. Running from Port Moresby over the mountains to Kokoda, the trail was a treacherous path that was seen as an avenue of advance for both sides. Pushing his men forward, Major General Tomitaro Horii was able to slowly drive the Australian defenders back up the trail. Fighting in terrible conditions, both sides were plagued by disease and a lack of food. Upon reaching Ioribaiwa, the Japanese could see the lights of Port Moresby but were forced to halt due to a lack of supplies and reinforcements. With his supply situation desperate, Horii was ordered to withdraw back to Kokoda and the beachhead at Buna. This coupled with the repulse of Japanese attacks on the base at Milne Bay, ended the threat to Port Moresby. Allied Counterattacks on New Guinea Reinforced by the arrival fresh American and Australian troops, the Allies launched a counteroffensive in the wake of the Japanese retreat. Pushing over the mountains, Allied forces pursued the Japanese to their heavily defended coastal bases at Buna, Gona, and Sanananda. Beginning on November 16, Allied troops assaulted the Japanese positions and in bitter, close-quarters, fighting slowly overcame them. The final Japanese strongpoint at Sanananda fell on January 22, 1943. Conditions in the Japanese base were horrific as their supplies had run out and many had resorted to cannibalism. After successfully defending the airstrip at Wau in late January, the Allies scored a major victory at the Battle of the Bismarck Sea on March 2-4. Attacking Japanese troop transports, aircraft from SWPAs air forces managed to sink eight, killing over 5,000 soldiers that were en route to New Guinea. With momentum shifting, MacArthur planned a major offensive against the Japanese bases at Salamaua and Lae. This attack was to be part of Operation Cartwheel, an Allied strategy for isolating Rabaul. Moving forward in April 1943, Allied forces advanced towards Salamaua from Wau and were later supported by landings to the south at Nassau Bay in late June. While fighting continued around Salamaua, a second front was opened around Lae. Named Operation Postern, the attack on Lae began with airborne landings at Nadzab to the west and amphibious operations to the east. With the Allies threatening Lae, the Japanese abandoned Salamaua on September 11. After heavy fighting around the town, Lae fel l four days later. While fighting continued on New Guinea for the rest of the war, it became a secondary theater as SWPA shifted its attention to planning the invasion of the Philippines. The Early War in Southeast Asia Following the destruction of Allied naval forces at the Battle of the Java Sea in February 1942, the Japanese Fast Carrier Strike Force, under Admiral Chuichi Nagumo, raided into the Indian Ocean. Hitting targets on Ceylon, the Japanese sank the aging carrier HMS Hermes and forced the British to relocate their forward naval base in the Indian Ocean to Kilindini, Kenya. The Japanese also seized the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Ashore, Japanese troops began entering Burma in January 1942, to protect the flank of their operations in Malaya. Pushing north towards the port of Rangoon, the Japanese pushed aside British opposition and forced them to abandon the city on March 7. The Allies sought to stabilize their lines in the northern part of the country and Chinese troops rushed south to aid in the fight. This attempt failed and the Japanese advance continued, with the British retreating to Imphal, India and the Chinese falling back to the north. The loss of Burma severed the Burma Road by which Allied military aid had been reaching China. As a result, the Allies began flying supplies over the Himalayas to bases in China. Known as The Hump, the route saw over 7,000 tons of supplies cross it each month. Due to the hazardous conditions over the mountains, The Hump claimed 1,500 Allied aviators during the war. Previous: Japanese Advances Early Allied Victories World War II 101 Next: Island Hopping to Victory Previous: Japanese Advances Early Allied Victories World War II 101 Next: Island Hopping to Victory The Burmese Front Allied operations in Southeast Asia were perpetually hampered by a lack of supplies and the low priority given the theater by Allied commanders. In late 1942, the British launched their first offensive into Burma. Moving along the coast, it was quickly defeated by the Japanese. To the north, Major General Orde Wingate began a series of deep penetration raids designed to wreak havoc on the Japanese behind the lines. Known as Chindits, these columns were supplied entirely by air and, though they suffered heavy casualties, succeeded in keeping the Japanese on edge. Chindit raids continued throughout the war and in 1943, a similar American unit was formed under Brigadier General Frank Merrill. In August 1943, the Allies formed the Southeast Asia Command (SEAC) to handle operations in the region and named Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten as its commander. Seeking to regain the initiative, Mountbatten planned a series of amphibious landings as part of a new offensive, but had to cancel them when his landing craft were withdrawn for use in the Normandy invasion. In March 1944, the Japanese, led by Lieutenant-General Renya Mutaguchi, launched a major offensive to take the British base at Imphal. Surging forward they encircled the town, forcing General William Slim to shift forces north to rescue the situation. Over the next few months heavy fighting raged around Imphal and Kohima. Having suffered high numbers of casualties and unable to break the British defenses, the Japanese broke off the offensive and began retreating in July. While the Japanese focus was on Imphal, US and Chinese troops, directed by General Joseph Stilwell made progress in northern Burma. Retaking Burma With India defended, Mountbatten and Slim began offensive operations into Burma. With his forces weakened and lacking equipment, the new Japanese commander in Burma, General Hyotaro Kimura fell back to the Irrawaddy River in the central part of the country. Pushing on all fronts, Allied forces met with success as the Japanese began giving ground. Driving hard through central Burma, British forces liberated Meiktila and Mandalay, while US and Chinese forces linked up in the north. Due to a need to take Rangoon before the monsoon season washed away the overland supply routes, Slim turned south and fought through determined Japanese resistance to take the city on April 30, 1945. Retreating east, the Kimuras forces were hammered on July 17 when many attempted to cross the Sittang River. Attacked by the British, the Japanese suffered nearly 10,000 casualties. The fighting along the Sittang was the last of the campaign in Burma. The War in China Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the Japanese launched a major offensive in China against the city of Changsha. Attacking with 120,000 men, Chiang Kai-Sheks Nationalist Army responded with 300,000 forcing the Japanese to withdrawal. In the wake of the failed offensive, the situation in China returned to the stalemate that had existed since 1940. To support the war effort in China, the Allies dispatched large amounts of Lend-Lease equipment and supplies over the Burma Road. Following the capture of the road by the Japanese, these supplies were flown in over The Hump. To ensure that China remained in the war, President Franklin Roosevelt dispatched General Joseph Stilwell to serve as Chiang Kai-Sheks chief of staff and as commander of the US China-Burma-India Theater. Chinas survival was of paramount concern for the Allies as the Chinese front tied down large numbers of Japanese troops, preventing them from being used elsewhere. Roosevelt also made the decision that US troops would not serve in large numbers in the Chinese theater, and that American involvement would be limited to air support and logistics. A largely political assignment, Stilwell soon became frustrated by the extreme corruption of Chiangs regime and his unwillingness to engage in offensive operations against the Japanese. This hesitancy was largely the result of Chiangs desire to reserve his forces for fighting Mao Zedongs Chinese Communists after the war. While Maos forces were nominally allied with Chiang during the war, they operated independently under Communist control. Issues Between Chiang, Stilwell, Chennault Stilwell also butted heads with Major General Claire Chennault, the former commander of the Flying Tigers, who now led the US Fourteenth Air Force. A friend of Chiangs, Chennault believed that the war could be won through air power alone. Wishing to conserve his infantry, Chiang became an active advocate of Chennaults approach. Stilwell countered Chennault by pointing out that large numbers of troops would still be required to defend US airbases. Operating parallel to Chennault was Operation Matterhorn, which called for the basing of new B-29 Superfortress bombers in China with the task of striking the Japanese home islands. In April 1944, the Japanese launched Operation Ichigo which opened a rail route from Beijing to Indochina and captured many of Chennaults ill-defended airbases. Due to the Japanese offensive and the difficulty in obtaining supplies over The Hump, the B-29s were re-based to the Marianas Islands in early 1945. Endgame in China Despite having been proven correct, in October 1944, Stilwell was recalled to the US at Chiangs request. He was replaced by Major General Albert Wedemeyer. With the Japanese position eroding, Chiang became more willing to resume offensive operations. Chinese forces first aided in evicting the Japanese from northern Burma, and then, led by General Sun Li-jen, attacked into Guangxi and southwestern China. With Burma retaken, supplies began to flow into China allowing Wedemeyer to consider larger operations. He soon planned Operation Carbonado for the summer of 1945, which called for an assault to take the port of Guandong. This plan was cancelled following the dropping of the atomic bombs and Japans surrender. Previous: Japanese Advances Early Allied Victories World War II 101 Next: Island Hopping to Victory

Gender Roles And Gender Stereotypes - 1102 Words

Defined Gender Roles Creating a Lack of Reality in Children’s Literature Distinction is a concept that is learned at a very young age. It is used as a tool to distinguish between race, religion, language, age and especially gender. Where certain topics regarding race and religion may be considered more taboo, the definition of gender is always open for discussion but it is not always depicted in all forms of the word. Children can feel isolated if they cannot relate to individuals they look up to whether they are shown in the media or in real life. â€Å"†¦literature is a home for gender stereotypes. These narratives have been instrumental in promoting and spreading a gender bias ideology† (Ruterana 86). Specific gender roles can make children feel confused or unwelcomed if they do not identify with their predesignated roles. Using Matilda by Roald Dahl as an example of the separation of genders into limited categories, shows how a child’s perception can be altered by stories at such a young age. The stereotypical gender distinctions us ed traditionally in stories allows for understanding, however a lack of reality can alter the view one has on the ever changing relationship that distinguishes genders in real world society. In the simplest of fashions, gender is a division of traits between masculinity and femininity. In literature, there tends to be a trend of limiting the space for movement between the two categories; therefore, predictable and safe characters are created thatShow MoreRelatedGender Stereotypes And Gender Roles Essay1415 Words   |  6 PagesRoles are often assigned to boys and girls in accordance with the sex assigned at birth. We refer to these as gender roles. Gender roles begin to be imposed as early as birth. The nursery in the hospital assigns either a blue name plate for a boy or a pink name plate for a girl. These roles are continuously reinforced by family. Children learn at an early age that boys and girls are different. Children observe gender roles and in many cases these roles are eventually accepted as an unquestionableRead MoreGender Roles And Gender Stereotypes Essay1449 Words   |  6 PagesProspectus: Gender roles and gender stereotypes in advertising My position: I believe advertisements that reinforce female gender roles and stereotypes are damaging to society. 2. Non-favorable Incidents: The examination of the â€Å"Victoria’s Secret† ad for a line of undergarments labeled â€Å"The Showstopper.† The headline is â€Å"Show nothing but your shape,† and the image is a thin woman with big breasts staring seductively. The image clearly sets a tone that this is what is a stand of ideal beauty. AndRead MoreGender Stereotypes And Gender Roles954 Words   |  4 Pages Gender can be a hot topic within cultures; a male or female does not want to be told that they can or cannot do something based on their gender. Every culture views gender roles differently, and some cultures are more serious about gender than others. Many times, male and female actions are determined by what a person has been taught is right; furthermore, gender roles are a set of societal norms that are the behaviors that a sex is generally known to do and what is considered accepted of a personRead MoreGender Stereotypes And Gender Roles1241 Words   |  5 PagesWe will never be able to control how gender stereotypes are formed. Gender roles were naturally created as a result of human evolution and the different modes of living that were adopted by humans. Humans, however remain the driving force behind reinforcing gender roles and stereotypes with different mediums. Such as television, art, and writing. In order to understand how gender is portrayed in contemporary American comedy this paper will analyze the characters from the television show, It’s AlwaysRead MoreGender Stereotypes And Gender Roles1261 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen expected to act a certain way depending on their sex. These societal expectations are called gender roles. (Rathus, 2010, p.447). These roles begin to develop even before a child is even out of the womb. A mother may decorate their nursery pink if they are having a daughter because â€Å"girls like pink,† and â€Å"boys like blue.† Gender roles should not be confused with gender stereotypes. A gender stereoty pe is a narrow way of thinking about how men and woman are obligated to behave. For example, men haveRead MoreGender Stereotypes And Gender Roles1246 Words   |  5 PagesGender roles are defined as the â€Å"widely accepted societal expectations about how males and females should behave† (Rathus, 2010). From gender roles, we, the people of society, are able to determine whether someone identifies as a male or a female. Both biological and social factors tend to determine what gender roles a person takes on. However, there are also gender stereotypes, which are â€Å"the fixed and oversimplified beliefs about the ways in which men and women ought to behave† (Rathus, 2010).Read MoreGender Stereotypes And Gender Roles1389 Words   |  6 PagesGender roles are set of societal norms dictating the types of behavior which are genrally considered acceptable , appropriate for people based on their actual or perceived sex or sexuality. Gender roles are also determined by the prevailing cultural norms. The attitudes and expectations surrounding gender roles are not typically based on any inherent or natural gender differences, but on gender stereotypes, or oversimplified notions about the attitudes, traits, and behavior patterns of males andRead MoreGender Stereotypes And Gender Roles1845 Words   |  8 PagesTimes have changed; gender roles are no longer clearly defined Traditionally, gender has been defined as the state of being male or female but, recently society has begun to understand that gender is not the biological sex that you were born with but how you identify and express yourself. A persons gender can be male, female, neither, both or something completely different. People tend to see gender as black or white, or a box you can tick but gender does not have to conform to what our modern societyRead MoreGender Stereotypes And Gender Roles1076 Words   |  5 PagesGender stereotypes and gender roles are a largely contested issue in the modern world. Countries around the world have very different gender norms, though there are some recurrent patterns between many cultures. For most recurrent patterns there is a culture who does not abide by those gender norms. There is typically many good reasons for each recurrent pattern that makes sense from an evolutionary standpoint. There is also a significant difference in the way men and women are t reated. This is causedRead MoreGender Stereotypes And Gender Roles Essay2036 Words   |  9 Pagesalong the development of gender stereotypes and gender roles that have an impact on how children come to understand their own gender identity. Environmental factors such as peers, the media, and even parents perpetuate stereotypes through their own actions. Children come to understand gender during development through experiences that are shaped by their environment and perpetuated by their culture, which ultimately encourages gender stereotypes and conformity to gender roles. Children are born into

The Effects of Quantitative Easing Example

Essays on The Effects of Quantitative Easing Annotated Bibliography ï » ¿Article evaluation Blinder, S. A. (2010) Quantitative Easing: Entrance and Exist Strategies. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review. 92 (6), pp. 465-79. This article is written to address the Quantitative Easing strategies for entry and exit. According to the article, during economic recession, central banks tend to initiate any strategy at their disposal in order to recuperate the situation. In efforts to fight the worst recession 2007-08, the Bank of England reduced funds rate up to nearly zero. In addition, with view of recovering the state of economy the Bank of Japan squarely created money that reduced the price of assets. Having these conventional ammunitions, the central banks changed the composition of their balance sheets through quantitative easing a monetary policy designed to ease liquidity and/or credit conditions. Upon reversing the monetary policy, they constituted to quantitative tightening. In other words, they practiced quantitative easing exit strategies indicating that it is a monetary policy, which is aberrant. Hudson, M. (2010) U.S. â€Å"quantitative easing† is fracturing the Global Economy. Real-world economies review. 55. pp. 1-12. This article is written to address the manner in which economic growth is being frustrated by quantitative easing. In the case of United States, the Federal Reserve Bank led by Ben Bernanke flooded the US banking system with liquidity. Consequently, treasury bills started yielding at less than 1% and banks could draw freely on Fed credit. By feeding the banks with liquidity, Fed ensured that banks took the opportunity to lend out credit at a markup. This meant that commercial banks would earn their way out of debt crisis. Yue, H. (2011). The Effects of Quantitative Easing on Inflation Rate: A possible Explanation on the Phenomenon. European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences. 41 pp. 1-7. In writing his article, Yue, Ho-Yin addresses the issues affecting inflation rate and brings forth quantitative easing as a main cause. He argues that economy has not grown despite the release of Quantitative Easing. This is evidenced by the collapse of the United States’ housing market in 2007. This was a notable lose to numerous financial institutions as a result of housing mortgage default. In his article, he examines through proper graphs and charts the effects quantitative easing has on inflation rate. In concludes by stating that credit crisis and quantitative easing has caused a decrease in the money private sectors get from banks. Therefore, Yue believe in the importance of considering how effective quantitative easing can be on real economy. Joyce, M.A.S. et. al. The Financial Market Impact of Quantitative Easing in the United Kingdom. Available from: http://www.ijcb.org/journal/ijcb11q3a5.pdf [Accessed 29 March 2012] This article has investigated the quantitative easing policy initiated by the Bank of England on all the assets in the United Kingdom. From the article, when central bank issues reserves, assets are purchased. This depresses government bonds either medium or long term. The main aim in this article is to investigate the impact large purchases has on the financial market. From the research, QE purchases has contributed to the effect. Douglas, J. (2011) Bank of England Quantitative Easing. THE WALL STREET JOURNAL. [ONLINE] [Accessed 29 March 2012] Douglas article gives concern to the role the bank of England has in boosting the economy. According to the article, the Bank of England aims at purchasing government bonds worthy $75 billion in a new venture of quantitative easing to promote the stagnant economy. It is evident that bank-funding markets are straining as a result of euro-area and sovereigns. Due to the threatened worldwide economy, the UK’s economy stands threatened as well. Therefore, through the monetary policy Committee of the UK’s central bank, purchase of assets will be financed to control the rate of inflation which if not controlled might drop to 2.0%

Women Leadership Free Essays

string(30) " viewed as equally competent\." WOMEN AND LEADERSHIP Leadership: A simple definition of leadership is that leadership is the art of motivating a group of people to act towards achieving a common goal. Put even more simply, the leader is the inspiration and director of the action. He or she is the person in the group that possesses the combination of personality and skills that makes others want to follow his or her direction. We will write a custom essay sample on Women Leadership or any similar topic only for you Order Now In business, leadership is welded to performance. Effective leaders are those who increase their companies‘ bottom lines. To further confuse the issue, we tend to use the terms â€Å"leadership† and â€Å"management† interchangeably, referring to a company’s management structure as its leadership, or to individuals who are actually managers as the â€Å"leaders† of various management teams. Is a leader born or made? While there are people who seem to be naturally endowed with more leadership abilities than others, all believe that people can learn to become leaders by concentrating on improving particular leadership skills. 1. A leader plans. 2. A leader has a vision. 3. A leader takes charge . A leader shares her vision 5. A leader inspires through example. Women Leadership: When modern feminists movement emerged it dint feature much discussion of leadership. There was virtually no analysis of what feminist leadership might entail. Because leadership has been largely a privilege of men, and feminism focused on women. It is understandable that study of leadership dint have mu ch salience. Feminists wanted to understand the women‘s experiences and routes of women‘s oppression. Psychologists is particular have neglected study of women. Therefore, new topics emerged – sexual harassment, rape, math anxiety, family violence and the politics of reproductive rights, to name just a few. To study leadership is it in organizations or in politics would have meant focusing on men. The discovery and development of women focus topics made a good sense. Much has changed. Women are now far more common in ranks of leaders. For example, women occupy 24% of chief executive positions in United States (U. S Bureau of Labor Statistics- 2006). They constitute 44% of school principles (U. S National Center for Education Statistics, 2005) and 21% of college and University presidents (Corrigan, 2002). It makes sense that feminists find the study of leadership appropriate now that it addresses the experiences of women as well as men. Although women remain rare in the corporate leadership and greatly under presented in politics, women‘s increasing presence in these and other leadership roles raises many questions about their functioning as leaders. When it comes to leadership, does gender matter? Is there a difference between women leaders and men who lead? Characteristics that distinguish women leaders from men in leadership: ? Women leaders are more assertive and persuasive, have a stronger need to get things done and are more willing to take risks than male leaders. ? Women leaders were also found to be more empathetic and flexible, as well as stronger in interpersonal skills than their male counterparts enabling them to read situations accurately and take information in from all sides. ? These women leaders are able to bring others around to their point of view because they are leading feel more understood, supported and valued. Four specific statements about women’s leadership qualities: ? ? ? ? Women leaders are more persuasive than their male counterparts. When feeling the sting of rejection, women leaders learn from adversity and carry on with an â€Å"I’ll show you† attitude. Women leaders demonstrate an inclusive, team-building leadership style of problem solving and decision making. Women leaders are more likely to ignore rules and take risks. This evidence – that the leadership style of women is not simply unique but possibly at odds with what men practice – begs the question: Do these qualities have value in the marketplace? Is this type of leadership welcomed by society and by the public and private sector? Differences between women and men leadership: There are several key ways in which people respond differently to women and men who are leaders. Conflicting, sets of expectations, high-profile women leaders in the United States are relentlessly held to a higher standard than their male counterparts. ? Different Responses to Women and Men in Leadership Roles Researchers have identified four key ways in which female and male leaders elicit different responses from those around them. These different responses appear to be due, not so much to different leadership behaviors by women and men, as to the stimulus value of women or men in these roles. A woman leader stimulates a different reaction than a male leader because of learned expectations, shaped and supported by the surrounding social structure, that invalidate and undercut women‘s attempts to be effective, influential, and powerful. ? Women are expected to combine Leadership with Compassion—and are disliked when they don’t Researchers have long found that people think ? male? when they think ? leader?. Because of perceived incompatibility between the requirements of femininity and those of leadership, women are often required to ? soften? their leadership styles to gain the approval of their constituents. Women who do not temper their agency and competence with warmth and friendliness risk being disliked and less influential. Women who lead with an autocratic style are the targets of more disapproval than those who enact a more democratic style; men may choose the autocratic style with relative impunity, if they are effective leaders. Often requires the application of a ? harder? eadership style, they are disliked and disparaged. ? People do not listen to or take direction from women as comfortably as from men The stereotype that women are more talkative than men is unsupported by evidence. Women report that they do not feel listened to, that when they speak in meetings their comments and suggestions are ignored or belittled—and that the same comments or suggestions from men have more impact. Field studies of small group meetings in organizations show that women leaders are targets of more displays of negative emotion than men leaders, even when both sets of leaders are viewed as equally competent. You read "Women Leadership" in category "Leadership" Women who promote themselves and their abilities reap disapproval Women who act more confident and assertive than is normative for women run the risk of disapproval. Research demonstrates that when women promote their own accomplishments it can cause their audience to view them as more competent—but at the cost of viewing them as less likeable. Men who promote their own accomplishments do not reap the same mixed outcomes: as long as they do not overdo it, self-promotion brings them both higher evaluations of competence and likeability. ? Women require more external validation than men do to be accepted as leaders in some contexts In competitive, highly-masculinized contexts, simply having leadership training or taskrelated expertise does not guarantee a woman‘s success unless accompanied by legitimating by another established leader. Gender stereotypes interfere with observers‘ ability to see women‘s competence; it is sometimes necessary to for a high-status other to provide them with credibility. Qualities of Women Leader: ? Committed. ? Outspoken. ? Enthusing. ? Vivacious. ? Happy. ? Creator. ? Charismatic. ? Lively. ? Talented. ? Friendly. ? Free-Spirited. ? Outgoing. ? Measured. ? Reflective. ? Spirited. ? Open and Honest. ? Determined. ? Cheerful. Altruistic. ? Keeping my interests ? Feisty. ? Inspirational. ? Trustworthy. ? Positive. ? Forthright. ? Energetic. ? Passion. ? Inspiring. ? Supportive. ? Optimistic. ? Cosmopolitan. ? Impressive. ? Eclectic. ? Fair. ? Hardworking. ? Confident. ? Assertive. ? Caring. ? Articulate. ? Humorous. to my self. ? Complex. ? Resilient. ? Calm. ? Spar kling Women Empowerment: ‘Women’s empowerment’ is the ability to exercise full control over one’s actions. The Government of India had ushered in the new millennium by declaring the year 2001 as ‘Women’s Empowerment Year’ to focus on a vision ‘where women are equal partners like men’. The last decades have witnessed some basic changes in the status and role of women in our society. There has been shift in policy approaches from the concept of ‘welfare’ in the seventies to ‘development’ in the eighties and now to ’empowerment’ in the nineties. The Constitution of India grants equality to women in various fields of life. Yet a large number of women are either ill equipped or not in a position to propel themselves out of their traditionally unsatisfactory socio-economic conditions. Leaving a meager number of urban and sub-urban women, Indian women are still crying for social justice. A review of government’s various programmes for women empowerment such as Swashakti, Swayamsidha, Streeshakti, Balika samrudhi yojana and another two thousand projects reveal that little has been done or achieved through these programmes. The discrepancy in the ideology and practice of the empowerment policy of women in India constitutes its continued social, economic and social backwardness Empowerment would not hold any meaning unless they are made strong, alert and aware of their equal status in the society. The need of the hour is to improve female literacy as education holds the key to development. Empowerment would become more relevant if women are educated, better informed and can take rational decisions. The greatest challenge is to recognize the obstacles that stand in the way of their right to good health. To be useful to the family, community and the society, women must be provided with health care facilities. They should be provided with proper wages and work at par with men so that their status can be elevated in society. In recent years there have been explicit moves to increase women’s political participation. The Women’s reservation policy bill is however a very sad story as it is repeatedly being scuttled in parliament. In the Panchayati Raj system, however, women have been given representation as a sign of political empowerment. There are many elected women representatives at the village council level. However their power is restricted, as it the men who wield all the authority. Their decisions are often over-ruled by the government machinery. It is crucial to train and give real power to these women leaders so that they can catalyst change in their villages regarding women. All this shows that the process of gender equality and women’s empowerment still has a long way to go and may even have become more difficult in the recent years. The main reason for the contradiction is that, targeted schemes tend to have only limited impact when the basic thrust of development is not reaching an average woman, making her life more fragile and vulnerable. To make a positive change basic infrastructure should be provided in every village and city. To begin with, providing safe drinking water supply and better sanitation not only directly improved the lives and health of women but also reduces their workload in terms of provisioning and ensuring such facilities. An access to affordable cooking fuel reduces the need to travel long distances in search of fuel wood. Improved transport connecting villages with each other and with towns can also directly improve living conditions as well as unpaid labour time spent in transporting household items. It can also lead to access to a wider range of goods and services plus a better access to health facilities. Expenditure on food subsidy and better provisions for public distribution services directly affects the lives of women and girl children in terms of adequate nutrition. The patterns of resource mobilization by government also have significant effects on women that are usually not recognized. When taxes are regressive and fall disproportionately on items of mass consumption, once again these tend to affect women more. This is not only because the consumption of such items may be curtailed but also because the provisioning of such items is frequently considered to be the responsibility of the women of the household. Also credit policies reduce the flow of credit to small-scale enterprises thus reducing the employment opportunities for women. There is a need to have womenfriendly economic policies that can enhance their social and economic position and make them self-reliant. There is no doubt about the fact that development of women has always been the central focus of planning since Independence. Empowerment is a major step in this direction but it has to be seen in a relational context. A clear vision is needed to remove the obstacles to the path of women’s emancipation both from the government and women themselves. Efforts should be directed towards all round development of each and every section of Indian women by giving them their due share. Impact women leaders contribute to business: ? There are three key drivers why businesses are interested in women today: leadership, talent and markets. There is now data and studies to prove that more women in leadership means better bottom-line performance. Fortune 500 companies with the most women at the top have a 35 percent higher return on shareholder return to equity, and a Catalyst study showed boards with more than three women on them have an 83 percent higher return to shareholder value than boards without women. It’s not about women taking over everything, it’s about having gender balance because that really does seem to tie into much greater profitability and striking performance financially. ? One of the most compelling reasons for an organization to pay attention to the demographic makeup of its workforce is that a diverse employee base can have significant bottom-line impact. Yet, when the issue is workplace gender balance and actualizing women’s economic and leadership potential, India trails behind less developing countries. ? Oftentimes when the subject of women in business is discussed, comparisons with men are made as if men are the barometer for business. This is a false perception and false too is the language. Business is not an entity separated from life; it is an entity encompassed by life. The definitions of a business consists of a line of work, to work, a profession, a job, a trade, a position, a vocation, a field, a calling and a career. Before today, societies around the globe have claimed that women didn‘t work and therefore couldn‘t understand the parameters of ? formal? business. This misconception rivals some of the largest platitudes in history: the near-sighted earth is flat, the purposeful stork delivers babies and the perforated theory of evolution. The business world has presented itself to women as if it spoke a foreign language on an uncharted map. But the truth is that the language is fabricated and the world of business operates in a land not unknown to women. By definition, everything women do and have always done is in fact a business. Women have labored the child, harvested the crop, fed the hungry, nursed the needy and educated the willing. All of those are jobs, careers, trades, vocations and callings. Women aren‘t new to business; they‘re only new to the financial rewards. ? Today, more than ever, women are in the workplace and now own the workplace. Women have always been established in business but now they are in business for profit by way of monetary means. Today over 10 million businesses are owned or controlled by women and those businesses account for over two (2) trillion dollars in sales. That‘s an astounding number and a resounding accomplishment when all considerations are factored. This doesn‘t come as a result of women learning anything new. This is a manifestation of which women already are: industrious, innovative, instinctive and intelligent. The traits of women are not to be compared with that of men, just shared in composition of a more productive and progressive society. Every household around the world that houses women, women manage and most commonly manage well. The interactive and intuitive management style of women is a prerequisite to a thriving business and a productive workplace environment. Women-owned businesses employ almost 20 million people and steadily rising. ? There was a time not long ago when any man in a three-piece suit could qualify for a business loan. Those times are no more, as much money was lost and many laws were circumvented. The measures applied in today‘s market are far more reasonable and more accessible to female entrepreneurs. Commercial lenders and Venture Capitalists want to see that the company has done its research in that respective field. It‘s important for them to know that you have experience in this area of expertise. Another major factor will be how you intend to market the product and what the infrastructure of the company is. As you design your company, research successful companies already in that industry, introduce yourselves to other women in business and network to assist each other. Those around you that make claims of what you can‘t do must be excluded from your conversations, so that you may focus on the task at hand. Whether you are single, a single mother or married, taking advantage of free enterprise is the way to independence and interdependence. The success in business that any male has experienced is not because males possess some superior trait over women; it‘s because men have been the only players. Women can compete in any and every business. It‘s just a matter of choice and now that choice is ours. For one to operate a successful business, they must first define what su ccess is in their own terms. ? The sole reason why the numbers of women-owned businesses aren‘t more reflective of the population is because they haven‘t been encouraged to do and supported when doing so. It‘s been a blight on the world community and a recessive gene to societal growth. Today we see women straightening that crooked path and every society will become a more powerful force because of it. Yesterday, we gorged the bitterness of bigotry. Today, we taste the fruits of unity and diversity. Today, we plant the untainted seeds of effortless innovation and boundless meritocracy. Today, little girls and little boys will witness the ubiquitous talents of women in power and exalt their leadership. Young women will know they have a reasonable option before them and no law will disallow their choices. It‘s paramount that not only young women see their defined roles as unrestrained but that young men do and work in concert as we brave a new world. It‘s true: Today is the greatest day in the history of the world and tomorrow will be even better. Challenges for women leadership: In spite of decades of organization and legislative support for gender equality, it appears that there is still very much a glass ceiling facing women in many aspects of leadership. Most women gaining or holding leadership roles – whether in the workplace or in community organizations – Face many challenges and oppositions which can be very hurtful and demoralizing. Women leaders still face many unique challenges brought on by a combination of social and cultural stereotyping, gender bias, family demands and also their innate female tendencies. Women leaders still earn less in general, receive less recognition and less support especially in the male dominated, competitive corporate world but also in other professional fields, such as medicine. The most common challenges faced by women leaders are: ? The challenge of family responsibility: It is a common lament that women are expected to juggle the demands of career and family, with constant criticism from both sides for failure to achieve perfection. For women leaders, the constant struggle to balance their responsibilities in both the professional and personal arena can be overwhelming, especially given the lack of support and the constant fight they have against the obstacles generated from traditional prejudices and gender stereotyping. In the greatest majority of break ups it is the woman who leaves. She leaves because her needs weren‘t given sufficient weight in the relationship. However still men around with a 1950‘s masculinity are happy for their women to work if they can manage it around all their other commitments at home. They expect their working wives to do everything that their stay -at-home mothers do. ? The challenges from personal inclinations: For many women, learning to operate and succeed in a male dominated world means having to learn to over ride or ignore their more feminine inclinations. When the women get overwhelmed by the responsibility of looking after everyone and everything, these men offer no support except to tell their wives that they will have to quit their job if they can‘t cope. ? Woman has a potential and power to be a leader. However women often lack opportunities skills and resources for realizing their potential. Much of women‘s leadership over the centuries has been invisible because the question of leadership has been viewed through gender – biased lenses. Women have been pulling together to make something happen , but all of these have been viewed as ordinary and domestic work, performed in the private sphere that did not qualify for leadership. So the first challenge is to make women‘s leadership visible. ? Gender biased lenses see leadership as happening in the ? public sphere ? hich was for generations and still is to an extent the domain of men. Ironically even women have and still reinforce this bias, which is an indication that the way we are socialized determines how we think and act. a very big challenge is becoming aware that we need new lenses that will make us see thing differently. How to overcome the challenges faced by women in leadership: When we have seen each other ’s work we learned the value of different work and further understood the roles of women in disasters and communities and how to strengthen their leadership. Leadership has no gender does it? May be women are more conscious of themselves, they can lead as well as men. The Leader at home is mostly a woman who have created talented children, built savings, assets and they can built Nation with character 1. The philosophy of Panchayati Raj is deeply steeped in the tradition and culture of rural India and is by no means a new concept. ?The rationale behind the concept is to involve the public in local planning, identification of beneficiaries, decision making and proper implementation of policies and programmes of the people as described by them. Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) have today the basic commitment towards rural development. 2 . Panchayati Raj, as a system of governance, has had its ebbs and flows in the Indian polity ever since Indian attained independence. Various committees headed by Balwant Rai Mehta, Ashok Mehta, V. P. Naik, P. B. Patil, G. V. R. Rao, L. N. Singhvi overhauled these institutions which gave necessary impetus to the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act. Gender equality and gender equity are emerging as major challenges in the global development debate. Social scientists and development activists are giving increasing emphasis to these fields in their agenda for research and development. 4 As Noble Prizewinning economist Amartya Sen has pointed out, ? Democracy is not only the goal of development, it is the primary means of development. 5. Women‘s participation in political processes is important for strengthening democracy and for their struggle against marginalisation, trivialisation and oppression. Emergence of women as a strong group would change the prevailing political practices, the nature and content of debates in the legislature and women‘s issues can be taken care of from the feminist perspective both in policy formulation and implementation. .6. In fact, right from the days of the freedom struggle the Indian women have been consistently encouraged to take part in active politics. But due to the vitiated political milieu, resulting from increasing politicization and criminalization of politics, he level of political participation of women has been adversely affected despite the fact that there has been a marked increase in the level of literacy and political awareness among women. . India is perhaps the first country to recognize this social fact underlined by Lenin on the International Working Women‘s Day in 1921,8 and to have taken concrete measures to draw women into leadership positions and thereby into politics by giving them one-third reservation in wha t may now be called the third tier of governance—the Panchayati Raj. The constitutional amendment providing one-third representation to women in elected bodies as well as reserving one-third of the offices of chairpersons for them will have far-reaching consequences in Indian political and social life. Now, some general observations can be made regarding the role of women in grassroots level governance. It has come to the notice that the percentage of women at various levels of political activities has increased formally. The general trend is that those in politics are women belonging to the younger age-group between 25-45. It is also revealed that women take up political career as an extension of their domestic role. While women have been active in mass movements, their presence is not felt in decisionmaking. The influence of the husbands and close relatives is quite palpable. This tendency is due to lack of confidence. This dependency is a stumping block in their empowerment. ?Another positive impact of the grassroot level experiment is the increase in the female literacy rate. Studies reveal that after two years of their election to PRIs, many women demanded literacy skills and also felt the need to educate their daughters. Issues in which women representatives generally take interest are drinking water supply, primary health, child care, public distribution system and environmental protection. One quality observed among women representatives is their patience to hear the problems of the public. They also work in adverse circumstances. It has been observed that women representatives are honest and accurate in presenting issues to the decision-making bodies and authorities. Women would bring new ideas in local governance. They believe in a sustainable development and their emphasis is on natural resources management. Women representatives working at the grassroot level also believe that communal harmony is an important element of development and they strive to achieve this objective. Another promising fact is that they do not indulge in corrupt practices. The elected women have exhibited their leadership in solving some of the local problems and creating facilities for betterment of the rural society. Women are considered an extremely pivotal point in the process of change in the rural areas. Women‘s participation in panchayats provided opportunities to women to participate in the decision-making process. Women‘s participation proved to be the most effective instrument in bringing about a change in their way of life in terms of economic well-being and adoption of new technology. Women‘s entry into PRIs, both as members as well as heads of Panchayats, has pushed them into the policy-making and policy-implementation process in a very big way. Whether their husbands, fathers, brothers or other relatives compelled them to take up these roles, or whether they assumed these roles as dummy incumbents, one thing is certain: they crossed the rigid boundaries drawn through their households by the same male relatives. omen are leading in ensuring that families function well and have necessities for development. Women are running the ? Caring Industry,? by managing the well being of the sick, the children and the elderly etc. Women are resolving conflict and finding solutions for issues in communities, whether it is getting clean water in a village or a streetlight fixed to prevent ch ildren and pedestrians from being knocked down by cars. Women throughout history have always been making priorities, budgets, and action plans. Women have as managers of families and communities to the management of our nations, our businesses, religious institutions and our world. This is about making the personal public and the private political. It is about tearing down the walls of dualism and discrimination. Negotiating to ensure that women are in positions at every level of public governance beginning from kindergarten through parliaments, businesses all the way to the United Nations require strong women-led politically-motivated civil societies to support their leaders and hold them accountable. Advocacy work ust show that both women and men must work together for common good. There has to be a critical mass of women in leadership so that they can be companions with each other and allow themselves to be what they want or be allowed to be themselves and not to prove themselves . The first sign of success is when the women pioneers in leadership have space and voice to be visible on their own terms and to practice their leadership in positions commensurate with their skills . Female leadership including the skills that mothers use to manage sibling fights there will be possibilities for new beginnings. We should have more women in politics. workshops are essential to train potential leaders as well as encourage the ones who are successful at the local governance level to enter the State Assemblies and National Parliament. More women should participate in political system to set an example for the entire world by efficiently working on issues that are close to their heart?. Top 10 women leaders in India: ? Pratibha Patil- Pratibha Devisingh Patil, the current President of India, is the first woman to hold the office. She was also the first woman Governor of Rajasthan (2004-2007). ? Vasundhara Raje Scindia- Vasundhara Raje, the daughter of Rajmata Vijayraje Scindia and Jivaji Rao Scindia of Gwalior, entered the politics in 1984. Besides being the first women Chief Minister of Rajasthan, she was the Minister of State for External Affairs. ? Uma Bharti- Uma Bharti held various state-level portfolios in India including Youth Affairs Sports, Human Resource Development, Tourism and Coal Mines. ? Sushma Swaraj- Sushma swaraj, a lawyer by profession, was elected as a member of Rajya Sabha in 1990. Later, she became the Minister of Information and Broadcasting and president of Hindu Sahitya Sammelan for Four years. ? Sonia Gandhi- Sonia Gandhi, the President of the Indian National Congress Party (NCP), was married to Rajeev Gandhi in 1969. Now a widow of former Prime Minister of India, Sonia was named the sixth most powerful woman in the world by Forbes magazine. ? Mehmooba Mufti- Mehmooba Mufti, the president of the Jammu and Kashmir people Democratic Party, is the daughter of the former Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir Mufti Mohmmad Sayeed. Brinda Karat- Brinda Karat was the first women member of the Communist Party of India. ? Mamta Banerjee- Mamata Banerjee is the founder and chief executive of the All India Trinamool Congress Party. Later, she was also made the Youth Affairs and Sport, Union Minister of State for Human Resources Development and Women and Child Development. ? Sheila Dixit- Sheila Dixit, belonging to the Indian National Congress, is the Chief Minister of Delhi since 1998. ? Mayawati Kumari- Mayawati Naina Kumari, the current Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, is the highest income tax payer among all politicians in India. Besides these top 10 women leaders in India, Late Indira Gandhi has also been an epitome of leadership in India. References: Women and Leadership – Jean Lau Chin, Bernice Lott, Joy K. Rice http://www. emergingwomenleaders. org/ http://books. google. co. in/books? id=ZyhRWzTm_RwCpg=PR4lpg=PP1ots=IPACfy zBWQdq=women+leadership#v=onepageqf=false http://www. emergingwomenleaders. org/2009/11/women-leadership-and-personalityinsights-form-the-myers-briggs-type-indicator/ Team Members: V. Ashwini Reddy Mala Mankotia Manjusha. P Ramya Sree Rashmi Kumari G. Swetha Reddy R. Swathi Sree Usha Kiran How to cite Women Leadership, Essays

The Maguindanao Massacre free essay sample

This study aimed to answer the following questions. What is the present situation of the peace and order in the Philippines particularly in Maguindanao? What are the actions made by the government to the following: Persons affected by the massacre To the place itself (Maguindanao) What are the effects of Maguindanao Massacre to the tourism industry? The researchers used a descriptive method as the study refers to the data analysis that will be applied to it and they’ve gathered data that describe events, tabulate describes the data collection. Since qualitative approach was used the researchers gathered more information using the help of internet, television radio news reports and some reliable news papers. They’ve selected a certain group of officials that are involved to the incident and gave them survey questions which were discussed and tabulated to get a uniform set of results in order to get all needed and useful information about the study. The survey was conducted with a minimum of 100 people from DOT, PNP, AFP Hotels in Manila and some selected airlines in the Philippines. Each of them was given 20 survey questionnaires in order to have a determined and broad perspective on the development of the study. CONCLUSION 1. On the study regarding Maguindano massacre, the present situation of the peace and order in Maguindanao is that the people and the place itself still needs additional assistance. 2. The result on the study made by the researchers on what are the actions made by the government to the persons affected and to the place itself, Maguindanao, is the declaration of martial law but then people were not satisfied by the actions made by the government. People believe that the rules should be revise to prevent such incident. 3. The effects of Maguindanao massacre to the Tourism Industry are the cancellations of bookings in Airline and Hotels, the travel advisory not to visit the Philippines. One of the biggest impacts is the decrease in foreign investment. Some foreigners don’t want to make up their business here in the Philippines because they think that they will only get losses. Since our country was also declared as second most dangerous countries for journalists. RECOMMENDATION: To the government: The government should not be biased and should give the appropriate punishment for the responsible for the massacre. The law should be enforced and should be strengthened. They should give more protection to the media men and journalists like giving them escort especially to the most dangerous places scene. To prevent such crime, the law especially in Maguindanao should be revised and they must add military support to maintain peace and order. To the people of Maguindanao: To the people of Maguindanao especially to the family of the victims, now that such incident occurred, they should open their minds and not be blinded by powerful politicians that do not deserve to be elected. The people should work hand in hand to improve the peace and order in their place and for the state of calamity to be lifted. In that way, they can encourage other people especially the tourists, to visit their place again and to give back the pride and beauty that Maguindanao used to have. To the next researcher: Study the topic to be able to give clear answer. The researchers focused on the Maguindanao massacre history and its effect to the tourism industry. They therefore recommend the next researchers to study the justice that should be given to the victims and their families as well as improving the Philippines reputation on being declared as the second most dangerous country. The next researchers can also investigate through their surveys if they think that Ampatuan is really guilty for the said crime. They can focus on the appropriate punishment that should be given to the people who are responsible as well. Key informant will also help the study to have more information by interviewing the officials and residents that are related to the Maguindanao massacre. TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedicationi Acknowledgementii Abstractiii Table of Contentsvi List of Table and Graphviii Chapter – I Introduction1 Statement of the Problem1 Conceptual Framework2 Significance of the Study3 Scope and Delimitation4 Definition of Terms4 Chapter II – Review of Related Literature The Maguindanao History and its Government 5 The Maguindanao Massacre8 Effect of Maguindanao Massacre to the Tourism Industry18 Chapter III – Methodology Research Design19 Research Method19 Respondents of the Study20 Research Process21 Chapter IV – Presentation of Data and Analysis Respondents Profile23 Graph, Table and Analysis of the Survey Questions 26 Result37 Chapter V – Summary of Findings, Conclusion and Recommendation Summary38 Conclusion39 Recommendation40 Bibliography42 Appendix A45 Appendix B46 Appendix C47 The Respondents Profile Graph and Table No. 1 Age Graph and Table No. 2 Gender Graph and Table No. 3 Occupation Table and Graph from question 1 10 Graph and Table no. 1 The present situation of the peace and order in Maguindanao Graph and Table no. 2 Number of people who heard about the Maguindanao massacre Graph and Table no. 3 People feel about the Maguindanao massacre Graph and Table no. 4 The roles of the government to maintain peace and order in Maguindanao Graph and Table no. 5 Actions made by the government in order to attain peace and order in Maguindanao Graph and Table no. 6 The satisfaction of people to the actions taken by the government Graph and Table no. 7 Possible actions should be done if the answer is no Graph and Table no. 8 The citizens felt about the Maguindanao massacre Graph and Table no. 9 Number of people who answered if they were affected by Maguindanao massacre Graph and Table no. 10 Effects of the Maguindanao massacre in the Tourism Industry CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING Introduction Peace and order is one of the indispensable components that must be in place to boost Domestic and International Tourism, without it there can no be successful Tourism Industry. While Maguindanao province is part of Mindanao which is part of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao or (ARMM), and located far away from Luzon and Visayas it does affect the Tourism Industry as a result of the massacre of more than 60 civilian including 30 journalist or media men there by getting worldwide attention particularly the International Media Institution. This incident as well as the subsequent imposition of Martial Law in the Maguindanao province create a very negative image of violence and absence of peace and order in Mindanao unparticular and the rest of the country as a whole that said, potential Foreign Tourist that would like to visit the Philippines is discourage much more loss interest or enthusiasm to visit our country. Statement of the Problem: This study aimed to answer the following questions. What is the present situation of the peace and order in the Philippines particularly in Maguindanao? What are the actions made by the government to the following: Persons affected by the massacre To the place itself (Maguindanao) What are the effects of Maguindanao Massacre to the tourism industry? Conceptual Framework Tourism industry players in the Philippines are now working double time to control the damage done on the image of out country by the gruesome massacre in Maguindanao. The massacre, which killed 57 people, including journalists and unarmed women, took place in the town of Ampatuan last November 23, 2009 and has taken center stage on both local and international news in and out of the country. Effects of the massacre on the tourism industry have reportedly been immediately felt. There have been cancellations made on both hotel bookings and flights to the country. If we will not handle the situation properly, it might snowball negatively into something bigger. There is a need for a concerted effort to clear the image of the Philippines, especially in Southern Mindanao; we must divert the attention of our tourists and investors to the more positive side and issues of our country and not from what has occurred in Maguindanao. Significance of the Study We are all aware of the mass execution happened in Maguindanao. This study will help us to know the present situation of the peace and order in Maguindanao. Also the impact o us to investigate and be alert of what’s happening in the following cases: One, the creation of a commission outside the government to investigate the crime; Two, the arrest and prosecution of all the people involved in it in any way, as murderers themselves or their protectors; Three, the formation of a special court to try the case; Four, fully guaranteed protection for the witnesses; Five, the disarming and dismantling of all private armies, such as those evidently employed in the massacre. Six, the enlistment of persons of unquestioned probity in the whole process; And finally, the resignation of the government if it fails to deliver such basic satisfaction – indeed, the very same government that has encouraged, by partisanship and conspiracy, the culture of impunity of which the massacre has been the most abominable manifestation. Scope and Delimitation The Maguindanao mass killing that includes 57 people has become the worst case of media and political cruelty in the world history. It is just because the government tolerates the armed groups for a long time. Regarding to the tolerated loose firearms resulting to mass killings, full implementation of the law, is most for a good government. With the full implementation of the law, abusive in power can do nothing. It has been easy for us to gather information about the mass killing since the incident was recent. Internet, newspaper and news on television had helped us to complete our study which is the Maguindanao Massacre also known as the Ampatuan Massacre. The Ampatuan Massacre had happen November 2009. Definition of Terms The following words are defined for a better understanding in the study: Peace the acknowledgment of equality and fairness in political relationships and, in world matters,  peacetime; a state of being absent of any  war  or conflict. Peace and order – its objective was to end and settle the armed conflict, it provides the establishment of autonomy for Muslims in Mindanao within the realm of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Philippines. Tourism industry those sectors which enable the tourist to travel to and from the destination or the he human component of tourism. Political power is a type of  power  held by a  group  in a  society  which allows administration of some or all of public resources, including labor, and wealth. Political dynasty This hits both administration and opposition officials who ignore the democratic value of equal access to opportunities for public service at the national and local level. The Maguindanao History and its Government Maguindanao is a province of the Philippines located in the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM). Its capital is Shariff Aguak. It borders Lanao del Sur to the north, Cotabato to the east, and Sultan Kudarat to the south. A. 1 Geography of Maguindanao Maguindanao is composed of 36 municipalities, which are further subdivided into 492 barangays. Cotabato City is often grouped with Maguindanao, but it actually independent from the province. The p rovince is divided into two congressional districts. In October 2006, the first congressional district was split off into a new province, Shariff Kabunsuan. However, the ARMMs Act creating the province was nullified by the Supreme Court in July 2008, on the basis that creation of a province is a function of the Philippine legislature. The area has since reverted to the province of Maguindanao. A. 2 Government of Maguindano Maguindanao is divided into two congressional districts, which elect members to the House of Representatives. For the brief period that the province of Shariff Kabunsuan existed, Maguindanao became a lone-district province. Since the appointment of a new set of provincial officials for the reunified province of Maguindanao by the ARMM Governor in January 2009, the provincial government has reverted to the Sangguniang Panlalawigan setup (coterminous with the restored 1st and 2nd Congressional districts of Maguindanao) from before Shariff Kabunsuan was created. Having elected to join the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM), Maguindanao also sends six representatives (three per district) to the ARMM Regional Legislative Assembly that convenes in Cotabato City. A. History of Maguindanao Shariff Mohammed Kabungsuwan of Johore introduced Islam in the area at the end of the 15th century. He subsequently married a local princess from the Iranun Tribe of Malabang and Maguindanao Province, and established the Sultanate of Maguindanao. The Cotabato Valley formed the sultanates heartland but its influence extended from the Zamboanga Peninsula to Sarangani Bay and Davao. The Spaniards launched expeditions to subdue the area throughout the colonial era but they never gained control of the region until the middle of the 19th century. During the American period, Cotabato became a district of the Moro Province created in 1903 and a province of the Department of Mindanao and Sulu in 1914. In 1942, the Japanese Imperial forces entered what is now Maguindanao. In 1945, Maguindanao was liberated by allied Philippine Commonwealth troops and Maguindanaoan guerrilla units after defeating the Japanese Imperial forces in the Battle of Maguindanao during the Second World War. The old province of Cotabato was divided in 1966 into Cotabato and South Cotabato. In 1973, the successor province of Cotabato was split into the provinces of Maguindanao, (North) Cotabato and Sultan Kudarat. Maguindanao is the only Muslim-majority province of the four created out of the original Cotabato Province. In 1989, majority of its voters opted to join the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao but Cotabato City did not, which, ironically, has since served as the provisional capital of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM). On October 31, 2006, Maguindanao voters approved the creation of a new province to be composed of 10 towns from the province. Of more than 500,000 voters registered, 285,372 favored the creation of the province, and 8,802 voted against it. The new province, Shariff Kabunsuan, became the countrys 80th province and the 6th in the ARMM. It was composed of the towns of Datu Odin Sinsuat, Kabuntalan, Upi, Sultan Kudarat, Datu Blah T. Sinsuat, Sultan Mastura, Parang, Buldon, Matanog and Barira. However, in July 2008, the Supreme Court nullified the provinces creation, restoring its municipalities to Maguindanao. A. 4 2009 Election Violence in Maguindanao On November 23, 2009, a 2010 gubernatorial election caravan supporting Esmael Mangudadatu, vice mayor of Buluan, was attacked. Fifty-seven people were killed, including Mangudadatus wife and sisters, supporters, local journalists, and bystanders. On December 4, 2009 a number of homes belonging to the Ampatuan political family were raided in connection with the massacre. President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo officially declared martial law in the province of Maguindanao on December 5, 2009, Saturday morning. In a press conference past 7 am, Executive Secretary Eduardo Ermita announced Proclamation No. 1959 declaring a state of martial law and suspending the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus in the province of Maguindanao, except for certain areas identified as bailiwicks of the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) separatists. The declaration of martial law will lead to the arrests without warrants of other members of the Ampatuan family who have been linked to the November 23 massacre of 58 civilians. The Maguindanao Massacre The Maguindanao massacre, also known as the Ampatuan massacre (after the town where the mass graves were found), occurred on the morning of November 23, 2009, in the town of Ampatuan in Maguindanao province, on the island of Mindanao in the Philippines. The victims were about to file a certificate of candidacy for Esmael Mangudadatu, vice mayor of Buluan town. Mangudadatu was challenging Datu Unsay mayor Andal Ampatuan, Jr. , son of the incumbent Maguindanao governor Andal Ampatuan, Sr. , in the forthcoming Maguindanao gubernatorial election, part of the national elections in 2010. The 57 people killed included Mangudadatus wife, his two sisters, lawyers, aides, and motorists who were witnesses or were mistakenly identified as part of the convoy. The Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) has called the Maguindanao massacre the single deadliest event for journalists in history. At least 34 journalists are known to have died in the massacre. In a statement, CPJ executive director Joel Simon noted that the killings, appears to be single deadliest event for the press since 1992, when CPJ began keeping detailed records on journalist deaths. The CPJ further noted that, â€Å"Even as we tally the dead in this horrific massacre, our initial research indicates that this is the deadliest single attack on the press ever documented by CPJ. † Even before the Maguindanao massacre, the CPJ had labeled the Philippines the second most dangerous country for journalists, second only to Iraq. B. 1 Background of Maguindanao Massacre The Ampatuans had been in control of Magu indanao since 2001. Andal Ampatuan, Sr. came first into prominence when President Corazon Aquino appointed him as officer-in-charge of Maganoy (now Shariff Aguak) in 1986 right after the People Power Revolution. Aquino, having come into power via revolutionary means, replaced every locally-elected official with officers-in-charge, although the town of Maganoy was approached differently; the ageing mayor, Pinagayaw Ampatuan, was replaced by his vice mayor, Andal Sr. He won the 1988 local elections, then served for ten years. In the 1998 elections, Andal Sr. was elected as governor. Members of Lakas-Kampi-CMD, President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo lists Andal Sr. , as a major ally in Mindanao. Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) regional governor Zaldy Ampatuan was the partys regional chairman. Andal Sr. the family patriarch, has been provincial governor since 1998; he has been elected thrice, unopposed. Eighteen of the mayors in Maguindanao belong to the clan. The elder Ampatuan attributed his popularity to popular support, adding Because I am so loved by the constituencies of the municipalities, they ask me to have my sons as representatives. In the 2004 presidential elections, Arroyo w on 69% of Maguindanaos vote; three years later, the party-backed coalition scored a 12-0 sweep of the senatorial elections in the province. Unable to run for a third term, he is currently grooming his son, Andal, Jr. to succeed him as governor. With escalating tensions in the province, Arroyo, as head of the Lakas-Kampi-CMD, mediated between the Ampatuans and the Mangudadatus (both are from the same party) to prevent election-related violence. Three meetings were held in mid-2009, with one meeting hosted by then Secretary of National Defense and current party chairman Gilberto Teodoro, who is running to succeed Arroyo as president. Arroyos adviser for political affairs Gabriel Claudio, disclosed that there was an initial agreement in principle that no Mangudadatu would contest Ampatuan Sr. s gubernatorial post. Two days before the incident, the mass grave was prepared using a backhoe emblazoned with the name of Maguindanao Gov. Andal Ampatuan Sr. , and apparently owned by the Ampatuan family. B. 2 Maguindanao Massacre Attack Buluan Vice Mayor Esmael Toto Mangudadatu invited 37 journalists to cover the scheduled filing of his certificate of candidacy (COC) at the Commission on Elections provincial office in Shariff Aguak. He said reports had reached him that his rivals had threatened to chop him into pieces once he filed his COC, and felt the presence of journalists would deter such an attack. A local report stated that at about 9:00 AM, a convoy of six vehicles carrying journalists, lawyers, and relatives of Vice Mayor Mangudadatu left Buluan to file his COC at the Comelec office in Shariff Aguak. The convoy is composed of six vehicles: four Toyota Grandia vans (one grey, one green, and two white) owned by the Mangudadatu family; and two media vehicles – a Pajero owned by DZRH broadcast journalist Henry Araneta and a Mitsubishi L-300 van owned by UNTV. There is a seventh vehicle, a Grandia boarded by mediamen. But it lags behind and decides to turn around once the passengers sense what is happening. There are two other vehicles that are not part of the convoy but happen to be traveling on the same highway: a red Toyota Vios and a light blue Toyota Tamaraw FX. The Vios has five passengers: Eduardo Lechonsito, a government employee who is bound for a hospital in Cotabato City after suffering a mild stroke Monday morning. He is with his wife Cecille, co-workers Mercy Palabrica and Daryll delos Reyes, and driver Wilhelm Palabrica. The FX is driven by Anthony Ridao, employee of the National Statistics Coordination Board, and son of Cotabato City councilor Marino Ridao. Before reaching its destination (about 10 km from Shariff Aguak, four on other versions), the convoy was stopped by 100 armed men, who abducted and later killed most or all of its members. There is evidence that at least five of the female victims, four of them journalists, were raped before being killed, while practically all of the women had been shot in their genitals and beheaded. Mangudadatus youngest sister and aunt were both pregnant at the time of their murders. In a text message sent by Mangudadatus wife to him, she identified the people that blocked their way as the men of Ampatuan Jr, and that he himself slapped her. The female victims were shot in their genitals, according to Secretary of Justice Agnes Devanadera. According to Mangudadatu, his wifes private parts were slashed four times, after which they fired a bullet into it. In addition, he said that They speared both of her eyes, shot both her breasts, cut off her feet, fired into her mouth. A backhoe located in the immediate vicinity of the carnage at Ampatuan town was identified as the instrument that was used to expediently dig the graves of the victims, including the vehicles. The perpetrators werent able to complete the job when a helicopter was spotted in the area. The backhoe, emblazoned with the name of Maguindanao Gov. Andal Ampatuan Sr. , was later identified to belong to the Maguindanao provincial government. As of November 25, the death toll had risen to 57, as confirmed by Chief Superintendent Josefino Cataluna of the Philippine National Police. Reporters Without Borders announced that at least 12 of the victims were journalists, making this the deadliest such incident in the history of news media. The National Union of Journalists in the Philippines originally estimated that a total of 20 journalists were killed, including an undisclosed number of NUJP members. The Philippine Daily Inquirer later updated the number of journalists killed to 34. On November 24, Philippine president Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo responded to the news of the massacre by declaring a state of emergency in Maguindanao, Sultan Kudarat and Cotabato City. Speaker of the House Prospero Nograles called on the police to quickly identify the perpetrators of the massacre and disarm private armies. The Philippine Department of Justice created a panel of special prosecutors to handle cases arising from the massacre. B. 3 Aftermath of Maguindanao Massacre In the aftermath, Nueva Ecija Rep. Eduardo Nonato N. Joson said the massacre might affect, or even lead to the cancellation of, the scheduled 2010 presidential elections. Candidates in the election condemned the massacre. On Wednesday, November 25, 2009, the executive committee of the Lakas-Kampi-CMD political party unanimously voted to expel three members of the Ampatuan family Maguindanao Gov. Andal Ampatuan Sr. and his two sons, Gov. Zaldy Uy Ampatuan of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) and Mayor Andal Ampatuan Jr. from the party for their alleged role in the Maguindanao massacre. An emergency meeting of the Lakas-Kampi-CMD was held in Pasig, during which the Ampatuans were stripped of their membership. On Thursday, November 26, 2009, Ampatuan Jr. surrendered to his brother Zaldy, was delivered to adviser to the peace process Jesus Dureza, then was flown to General Santos on his way to Manila, where he was taken to the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) headquarters. Police in the Philippines charged Andal Ampatuan Jr. with murder. Ampatuan denied the charges, claiming that he was at the provincial capitol in Shariff Aguak when the massacre took place. He instead blamed the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF), specifically Ombra Kato, as the mastermind, a charge the MILF dismissed as absurd. Mangudadatu successfully filed his certificate of candidacy at Shariff Aguak on November 27. He was accompanied by Lakas-Kampi-CMD chairman and presidential candidate Gilberto Teodoro, along with a caravan of 50 vehicles, to ensure his safety. On December 4, 2009 a number of homes belonging to the Ampatuan political family were raided in connection with the massacre. List of Victims in Maguindanao Mangudadatus NameDescription Genalyn Tiamson-MangudadatuWife of Esmael Mangudadatu Eden MangudadatuMunicipal Vice Mayor of Mangudadatu, Maguindanao, sister of Esmael Mangudadatu. Rowena MangudadatuCousin of Esmael Mangudadatu Manguba MangudadatuAunt of Esmael Mangudadatu Faridah Sabdulah Farida MangudadatuYoungest sister of Esmael Mangudadatu Farina MangudadatuAnother sister of Esmael Mangudadatu Concepcion â€Å"Connie† Brizuela, 56Lawyer Cynthia Oquendo, 36Lawyer Catalino OquendoCynthia Oquendos Father Rasul DaudDriver of Sultan Kudarat Rep. Pax Mangudadatu Journalists Thirty-four journalists are known to have been abducted and killed in the massacre, according to the Philippine Daily Inquirer. Only 25 have been positively identified so far. NameDescription Alejandro Bong Reblando, 53Manila Bulletin correspondent, a former Associated Press reporter Henry AranetaDZRH Correspondent based in General Santos City Napoleon â€Å"Nap† SalaysayDZRO manager Bartolome â€Å"Bart† MaravillaBombo Radyo Koronadal, South Cotabato Jhoy DojayGoldstar Daily Andy TeodoroMindanao Examiner Central Mindanao Inquirer reporter Ian SubangMindanao Focus, a General Santos-based weekly community newspaper Leah DalmacioMindanao Focus reporter Gina Dela CruzMindanao Focus reporter Maritess CablitasMindanao Focus reporter Neneng Montano Saksi weekly newspaper reporter Victor Nunez UNTV reporter McDelbert Macmac Arriola UNTV cameraman Jolito Evardo UNTV editor Daniel Tiamson UNTV driver Humberto Mumay Koronadal -based journalist Rey Merisco Koronadalbased -journalist Ronnie Perante Koronadalbased- journalist Jun Legarta Koronadalbased -journalist Val Cachuela Koronadal-based journalist Santos Jun Gatchalian Davao-based journalist Joel Parcon Freelance journalist Noel Decena Freelance journalist John Caniba Freelance journalist Art Betia Freelance journalist Ranie Razon Freelance journalist Archie Cancel Freelance journalist Fernanado Ferdz Mendoza Freelance driver Red Toyota Vios Number of casualties: 5. They were supposedly mistaken as part of the convoy. NameDescription Eduardo Lechonsito Tacurong City, Sultan Kudarat government employee Cecille Lechonsito Wife of Eduardo Lechonsito Mercy Palabrica Co-worker of Eduardo Lechonsito Daryll delos Reyes Co-worker of Eduardo Lechonsito Wilhelm Palabrica Driver B. 4 Declaration of Martial Law in Maguindanao President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo has declared martial law in Maguindanao, a senior Malacanang official announced Saturday. Press Secretary Cerge Remonde said the President took the bold step in answer to the cries of the more than 50 victims of the massacre in Maguindanao last November 23. The Ampatuans, a powerful clan in the province, have been tagged as suspects in the killings and the crackdown on members of the family began with the arrest of Datu Unsay Mayor Andal Ampatuan Jr. , days after what has been considered as the worst election-related violence in the country. Condition of peace and order in Maguindanao has deteriorated to the extent that government mechanisms are not functioning thus endangering public safety . . Ermita said, reading from the proclamation. He said Malacanang would officially inform Congress about the proclamation, which Congress has 48 hours to act on. Also present was Armed Forces of the Philippines Chief Victor Ibrado who said that Governor Zaldy Ampatuan of the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao would give himself up to authorities there. He also said that they recom mended the declaration of martial law following a meeting of top security officials late Friday. Earlier on Saturday, Maguindanao Governor Andal Ampatuan Sr. was arrested by the military. Ermita said the decision to declare martial law was reached at about 9 pm Friday. On Friday, authorities uncovered a cache of firearms near the house of the Ampatuan clan, the suspects in the massacre. Arroyo named Lieutenant General Raymundo Ferrer to take administrative control of Maguindanao province, according to Philippine Daily Inquirer sources. Interior and Local Government Secretary Ronaldo Puno confirmed placing Maguindanao under martial law was discussed in a National Security meeting Friday afternoon but said he was not aware if any action had been done to implement it â€Å"because I’m no longer there! â€Å"But there was no decision made,† Puno said in a telephone interview Friday night. â€Å"Ask Bert Gonzales,† Puno said, referring the Inquirer to Defense Secretary Norberto Gonzales on whether Maguindanao had been already placed under military rule. The military Friday expressed surprise at how powerful weapons and thousands of bullets supposed to be kept in the government armory ended up virtually in the backyard of the Ampatuan clan. Wearing bulletproof vests, soldiers and police the other day dug up antitank weapons, assault rifles and machine guns from a vacant lot a few hundred meters from one of the houses of the Ampatuan family – a known political ally of President. Effect of Maguindanao Massacre to the Tourism Industry The Maguindanao massacre has a big effect to tourism industry. Since the Philippines was declared as the second most dangerous place for journalist. Though it only mention about the journalist, still it affects the whole industry. Some of the effects of the incident were on the following, losses expected to hit the other sectors, the Davao City Chamber of Commerce and Industry Inc. (DCCCII). Airlines drop in booking of flights going into the city and nearby provinces; although the figures were still unavailable from the other businesses in the city. Hotels lost 200 room nights since the news broke out. The full effect of the recession in the United States this year will likely be felt in Davao City in 2009, the chief of the Davao City Investment and Promotion Center (DCIPC) revealed, adding that the export sector will be more affected by it. The private investment, the incident would also cause the suspension of new investments in public infrastructure and adversely affect the tourism industry. The scheduled 2010 presidential election to take place was also affected. Even the peace and order is affected. President GMA yesterday approved the recommendation of the cabinet cluster of the National Security Council to retain the state of emergency in Maguindanao, Sultan Kudarat Cotobato City. Press Secretary Cerge M. Remonde said that the local government units in Maguindanao, Sultan Kudarat Cotobato City still need the assistance of the military in maintaining peace and order in the area, He also said that authorities considered the armed threat groups that still linger in strategic places in the region in keeping the state of emergency. Research Design The researchers used the descriptive type of method because it refers to the type of research question, design, and data analysis that will be applied to the study. The rese archers gathered data that describe events, tabulate and describes the data collection. Quantitative approach was used as the research design of the study because it involved collections of quantitative information such as surveys which was given to a certain group of people who are assigned to the incident and their answers were counted in a numerical form. The series of meetings were able to provide the researchers sufficient time to come up with inputs needed for the said study. They were able to coordinate each other’s ideas and information that they were able to gather from their different sources. Research Method The researchers gathered their data from the internet, television news report and reliable newspapers to further establish the present state of certain events. The survey method was used to obtain the needed information for this study which was distributed to those officials that are assigned for the said crime in Maguindanao that greatly affected the tourism industry in the Philippines. Thus, the formula below was used for this study: Where: P = percentage F = frequency N = total number of respondents C. Respondents of the Study The respondents of the study were the officials from The Department of Tourism (DOT), Philippine National Police (PNP), Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP), selected Hotel in Manila and some selected Airlines in the Philippines. The researchers limit the respondents into 100 participants. Each group was given 20 survey questionnaires and all needed and useful information were discussed in order to have a determined and broad perspective on the development of the study. D. The Research Process StepsActions DoneDate First SegmentPreliminary Investigation Step 1Choosing a TopicNovember 25, 2009 Step 2Generating QuestionsDecember 2, 2009 Step 3Data GatheringDecember 14, 2009 Second SegmentData Gathering Step 1Preparing the Sources of InformationJanuary 6, 2010 Step 2Reading Articles and Watching news reports as well as radio reportsJanuary 11, 2010 Step 3Gathering all the prepared dataJanuary 15, 2010 Third SegmentData Review Step 1Data ClusteringJanuary 18, 2010 Step 2Data InvestigationJanuary 24, 2010 Step 3Data AnalysisJanuary 27, 2010 First Segment On the first part of the research process, the researchers agreed to create a topic that is greatly affecting the Philippine tourism as of today. After the topic was created, the researchers facilitated the questions needed to further discuss the scope and delimitation of the study. The materials and sources of information were then organized to solidify the data that will be gathered. Second segment On the second part of the research process, the researchers gathered their data from the television news reports, radio reports, articles from reliable news papers and the internet. Several reports have been made for the topic and the researchers were able to summarize all the needed information that is essential for the study.